Standards in International Telecommunications

1. Standards in International Telecommunications ISOM 591 February 28, 2000

2. Why Nations Cooperate • Need universal standards to interconnect national networks • promote economies of scale, thus reducing transaction costs • derive logistical benefits for their citizens • ensure that terrestrial facilities and satellites can operate unimpeded • act as good “global citizens”

3. The Management of Frequency Allocation 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 Cell phone Power and Telephone Radio and television Microwave Infrared Visible light Twisted pair Optical fiber Coaxial cable Frequency Hz

4. Key Frequency Bands for Wireless • High Frequency HF 3-30 MHz • Very High Frequency VHF 30-300 MHz • Ultra High Frequency UHF 300-3000 MHz • Super High Frequency SHF 3-30 GHz • microwave • Extremely High Frequency EHF 30-300 GHz Frequencies below HF are limited in bandwidth

5. Where the Action Is • Radio and TV broadcasters, mobile trucking and dispatching fleets, aeronautical and maritime communications, military communications, cellular communications, PCS, mobile satellites • VHF Very high frequency 30-300 MHz • UHF Ultra high frequency 300-3000 MHz • SHF Super high frequency 3-30 GHz

6. Some Regulation • FCC’s Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 • process for auctioning off a major block of frequencies for narrow band and wide band PCS • 50 MHz was allocated, with another 150 to follow over the next 15 years • Commercial Mobile Radio Services

7. Frequency Allocations • 3000 GHz unassigned • 300 GHz satellite, microwave • 30GHz satellite, microwave, radar • 3GHz microwave, UHF TV • 300 MHz amateur radio FM radio (88 MHz - 108 MHz) • 30 MHz citizens band radio • 3 MHz radio navigation AM radio (500 KHz - 1.6 MHz)

8. Frequency Allocations 300 KHz radio navigation, maritime communications 3 KHz human voice 300 Hz submarine communications

9. Standards Organizations International Standards Organization International Telecommunications Union IFRB American National Standards Institute GS IRCC CCITT EIA IEEE COS ECMA CEPT Federal Telecoms Standard Committee NIST FCC DOF

10. History of the ITU • ITU establishes common rules, regulations, standards, and policies in telecommunications • founded in 1865 when the Austro-German and Western European Telegraph Unions merged to supervise and establish standards for an interconnected regional network • consensus needed on Morse code and emergency frequencies

11. History of the ITU • 29 nations collaborated in 1906 to form the IRU (International Radiotelegraph Union) to coordinate usage, agree on frequency bands, register station operations, and resolve cases of radio interference • there is a story that a ship was in the area where the Titanic was sinking but the radio operator was off duty

12. History of the ITU • In 1947, the ITU voted to become a special agency of the United Nations system and expand its role to • allocate and monitor the use of frequency spectrum • promote the development of technical facilities • eliminate interference • facilitate worldwide standards • promote adoption of measures that ensure safety of life

13. ITU: Two Standards Making Bodies • CCITT • telephone and telegraph • CCIT • radio technologies • Does a split between wired and wireless make sense in today’s world?

14. History of the ITU • Three sectors • development of telecommunications facilities • telecommunications standardization • radiocommunication • management of the radio frequency spectrum including registering frequency assignments liable to cause interference outside a country and notices for orbital positions of satellites • major revisions in 1992-3

15. Standards Committees of the ITU • International Frequency Regulation Board (IFRB) • ensures technical cooperation on radio frequency assignments, use of the frequency spectrum, positions of satellites • Consultative Committee for International Radio (CCIR) • responsible for standards concerning radio communications • General Secretariat • administers the Union’s headquarters

16. Standards Committees of the ITU • Consultative Committee for International Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT) is now the ITU-T • responsible for developing telephone and data communications including services, systems, and digital networks like ISDN • recommendations regarding telecom equipment, services • the V series which defines analog standards • the X series which defines digital and electrical interface standards between equipment

17. Standards Committees of the ITU • Consultative Committee for International Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT) is now the ITU-T • based in Geneva • membership consists of over 150 PPTs, private telecom companies, industrial and scientific organizations • ISO is a member of CCITT

18. Some Popular X and V Standards from CCITT • X.12 ANSI standard for EDI • X.25 interface standard for packet switching • X.400 worldwide e-mail standard • X.500 worldwide directory of e-mail addresses • V.32 electrical standards for modems at 9600 baud • V.33 electrical standards for 14.4 modem • V.42 data compression standard

19. ITU Role in Satellite Orbital Slots • Need to avoid frequency interference • at current time, probability of collision is low because the closest spacing of 2 degrees is about a 900 mile separation • nations are allocated orbital slots • global cooperatives like IntelSat and Inmarasat have established satellite requirements • plays a fact-finding and conflict resolution role in the demand for scarce orbital slots

20. Geosynchronous Satellite Band 1090 W Amik B 990 W Westar 4 1140 W Amik 2&3 950 W Comstar 1&2 1190 W Satcom 2 910 W Westar 3 1230 W Westar 5 1270 W Comstar 4 870 W Comstar 3 1310 W Satcom 3R 830 W Satcom 4 1350 W Satcom 1 790 W Westar 1&2

21. Satellite Transmission of Voice Grade Circuits 14 GHz Hundreds of Voice grade circuits 12 GHz

22. ISO (The International Standards Organization) • Membership consists of about 90 national standards bodies, based in Geneva • promotes standards for worldwide use in a variety of fields, including electronics and electrical matters • created the OSI model for interconnectivity in networking (1978) • US representative is ANSI (American National Standards Insititue)

23. ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) • Founded in 1988 as part of the EEC (European Economic Community) with primary responsibility for broadcasting and teleommunications and shares responsibility for computer technology standards with existing standards groups

24. ETSI • Its is designed to • develop European telecom standards • use weighted voting from its 21 country membership • expand scope of membership beyond the PTTs to include manufacturers, users, service providers, and researchers

25. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) • volunteer organization consisting of about 900 equipment manufacturers and users of information technology • publishes national standards • developing FDDI standard for large backbone LANs using fiber optic cable

26. Other Standards Bodies • Electronics Industries Association (EIA) • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) • National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) • Cooperation for Open Systems (COS) • Department of Defense and Federal Communications Commission are involved, too!