1. Vortex Training Market Analysis, Background Information, New Electronics - Features, Options, Diagnostics

2. Vortex Training • Vortex Meter Market • Size and growth projections • Major Markets • Background Information • Theory and operation • Product information • New Features • Electronics • Velocity pickup • Wiring • Software • Communications • HART • MODBUS • Fieldbus • FF • PROFIBUS PA • Diagnostics • Simulation Program

3. Vortex Meters - Marketplace • Projected Size and Growth

4. Vortex Meters - Marketplace • Major Markets by Region

5. Vortex Meters - Marketplace • Projected Sales by Type

6. Vortex Meters - Marketplace • 2005 Market Share Estimates

7. Major Markets • District Heating • Steam Flow • Chilled Water • Hot Water • Industrial Markets • Steam Flow • Industrial bulk gas • Compressed Air • Natural Gas • Gas Vapors • Petroleum derivatives

8. Vortex Meter Background • In 1911 he made an analysis of the alternating double row of vortices behind a stone, bluff body, in a fluid stream, now famous as Kármán's Vortex Street. This happens when the fluid that flows around a body fails to stick to the shape, but instead breaks off behind it into a wave. He also noted that the distance between the vortices was constant and depended solely on the size of the rock that formed it. • Theodore von Karman

9. Examples of Karman’s Vortex Street We’ll use a heated plate as the Bluff Body. The heat will provide the images using a thermal camera to view the generation of the vortices. In the first example of Von Karman Vortices, a heated plate with a thick initial thermal boundary layer is accelerated to 5 m/s in air.  The boundary layer is swept downstream and rolls up into a pair of shed vortices.  Temperature contours are shown in the movie making the flow visible

10. Example of Karman’s Vortex Street • Continuation from previous slide

11. Examples of Karman’s Vortex Street • Vortex formation in Nature • Vortices formed off of Gaudalupe Island

12. Examples of Karman’s Vortex Street • Vortex Formation in Nature • Flagpole acts as bluff body

13. Additional Findings • Von Karman also discovered the following Shedding frequency  Fluid velocity!

14. From Nature to Meter – Velocity Calculation • Putting it all together • Vortices are alternately shed off a bluff body at a constant wavelength – the wavelength is determined by the bluff body width • Shedding frequency is proportional to velocity • Then: V = velocity f = frequency D = Bluff body width St = Strouhal number (dimensionless number used to characterize flow)

15. Strouhal Number • The Strouhal number is the ratio between the vortex wavelength and the shedder bar width. • It is a Reynolds number dependent variable but experiments have shown that at Re numbers above 10,000 it is essentially a constant

16. Linear Range – Re Number vs Strouhal Number

17. Simplifying the equations St = constant D = shedder body width = constant Rearranging the equation K = calibration factor (meter factor) Calculated during calibration

18. Physical Measurement • To become a meter we must measure the frequency • Two helpful facts • Vortices are alternately shed • A vortex is a low pressure zone

19. Physical Measurement • First vortex is generated: • Low pressure zone creates a DP across sensor • Sensor is “loaded” in the direction of the vortex • Next vortex passes on opposite side of sensor

20. Physical Measurement • Piezo-electric crystals • Generate a charge when loaded • Charge converted to a signal • Electronics measure frequency of signal • Electronic calculate velocity from frequency

21. Physical Measurement

22. Physical Measurement

23. What does all this mean? • Now that we have solved the velocity to frequency relationship we can arrive at • Q = volumetric flow rate • A = cross sectional area of pipe (meter body) • V = velocity

24. Temperature and Pressure • Temperature • 1000 ohm Platinum RTD • Pressure • Solid state Pressure Transducer • Located behind the velocity pickup • Proven using multi port sampling valve and numerous tests

25. Mass Flow Measurement • Compensated Volumetric Flowrate (SCFM) • “s” = Standard conditions (1 atm, 70° F) • “a” = Actual conditions

26. Pressure & Temperature Compensation • Tables pre-programmed for: • Water, Steam, Air, Ar, NH3 (Gas & Liquid), Cl2 (Gas & Liquid), CO, CO2, He, H2, CH4, N2, O2 • Other Gases & Liquids • Use Equations of State • Real Gas Law • API 2540 • Goyal Doraiswamy • AGA 8

27. Sizing Considerations – Liquid Low Flow • Low Flow – Major Consideration • Liquids • Reynolds Number limitation - typically liquid limiting factor • Minimum Measurable Velocity, Amplitude – typically associated with gas and steam

28. Sizing Considerations – Gas and Steam Low Flow • Low Flow – Major Consideration • Gases • Reynolds Number limitation - typically liquid limiting factor • Minimum Measurable Velocity, Amplitude – typically associated with gas and steam

29. Sizing Considerations – High Flow • Liquid High Flow Limitation • Gas and Steam High Flow Limitation • Resonance of the velocity tab is the limiting factor on the high flows – note that the ½” and ¾” meters have a limit of 180 fps and 230 fps

30. Insertion Reynolds Number Correction • Insertion Meters are designed to dynamically correct for pipe size and Re number • The larger the pipe the less total flow the insertion head sees • The higher the velocity the more constant the flow profile • The meters electronics takes into account the pipe size, the insertion depth and the predicted flow profile to compute the average flow reading throughout the meters range

31. Vortex Key Points • Vortex Meters are inherently linear – no square root extraction etc. • The shedding phenomena is independent of flowing media, i.e. gas, liquid, steam thus the meter can be calibrated on water and used on a gas by simply programming it for the fluid • No Moving Parts – No drift over time

32. Key Points • Temperature and Pressure Compensation • More than just a multi-variable • Ability to dynamically calculate density and to adjust for low Re numbers below 10,000 – remember the curve • Ability to measure mass flow with a single penetration • Multiple outputs from a single penetration

33. Inline Meter

34. Insertion Meter

35. Product Portfolio • Volumetric Meter • Inexpensive option • Liquid applications • Sold on cost and relationship • Multiparameter Meter • Multiple outputs • 3 analog, 3 alarm, 1 pulse and HART • Options– Modbus, EMS ( Energy) • Sold on technological merit • Most commonly used on gas and steam • Energy option • Input options – temperature, pressure, alarm, etc.

36. Product Approvals • Sierra Innova vortex meter approvals • FM/FMC Class I Div 1, Groups B,C,D • FM/FMC Class II/III Div 1, Groups E,F,G • Canadian CRN • ATEX – submitted approval expected July or August 2007 • PED – work in progress expected July or August 2007

37. Product Portfolio • Inline • Flanged - ½” to 8” (DN15-DN200) – designs for 10” and 12” in near future • Wafer - ½” to 4” (DN15-DN100) • Materials of construction – Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, Hastelloy • Insertion – 2” and up (DN50 and up) • NPT • Flanged • Packing Gland • Hot Tap with Retractor • Materials of construction – Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, Hastelloy

38. Product Portfolio • Future Designs • Reducer for inline meters – already sold as a special – expected fourth quarter 2007 • Different materials of construction • Plastic inline • Plastic insertion • Specials Capability • High pressure flanged bodies • Special ANSI pipe schedules • Face to face dimensions

39. Competitive Comparison • Yokogawa • Product offering – Inline only • Flanged – ½”-12” • Wafer – ½”-4” • Multivariable with Temperature only • E&H • Product offering – Inline only • Flanged - ½”-12” • Wafer – ½”-6” • Multivariable with Temperature only

40. Competitive Comparison • Rosemount • Product offering – Inline only • Flanged - ½”-12” • Wafer – ½”-4” • Multivariable with Temperature only • ABB • Product offering – Inline only • Flanged - ½”-12” • Wafer - ½”-4” • Multivariable with Temperature only

41. Competitive Comparison • Pricing – N.A. list prices • Example: 2” 150LB Flange SS No Display Volumetric only • Yokogawa Price = $1850 • Rosemount Price = $2050 • E&H Price = $1750 • Sierra Price = $1840

42. Competitive Comparison • Pricing – N.A. list prices • Example: 2” 150LB Flange SS Local Display Volumetric only • Yokogawa Price = $2132 • Rosemount Price = $2300 • E&H Price = $2030 • Sierra Price = $2000

43. Competitive Advantage • Sierra Innova vortex product line • Widest range of meter configurations • Inline Meter • Insertion Meter • Low cost alternative to large inline meter • Little competition from major manufacturers • Multiparameter Technology • High Accuracy & Repeatability • Multiple Outputs • Wide fluid ranges, gas, liquids, steam • Little to no competition – sell on technological merit • Volumetric Technology • Ability to address low end commercial market • Competitive cost structure

44. Competitive Advantage • Sierra Innova vortex product line • Mechanical Features • Low Mass cantilevered velocity tab • Minimizes pipe stress effects • Low mass-small area design increase noise immunity • Design allows the sensor to be potted eliminating triboelectric affects • Signal Processing • New predictive filter techniques • Able to accurately predict amplitude and frequency from entered information to set filter • Better flow signal resolution • Driven cable allows for a greater signal ampitude and minimizes the triboelectric affect

45. New Product Features - Electronics • Velocity Pickup • 4 A/D converters with constant gain vs Variable Gain and 1 A/D converter • Reduces the possibility of amplifying noise • Better signal resolution • Loop Powered Mass • 24X Loop Power and HART • Same as 22X with the addition of T&P

46. New Product Features - Electronics • Wiring Layout • Backlight for 22X and 24X Loop Powered meters

47. New Product Features - Electronics • Wiring Layout • High Power DC • Option 1 and Option 2 – can be used for external inputs, i.e. pressure, temperature etc.

48. New Product Features - Electronics • Wiring Layout • 24X AC powered units now have a DC out terminal • Optional input terminals for external pressure, temperature or discrete alarm input • DC layout similar without the DC out option

49. New Product Features - Software • Communications • HART – Standard on volumetric, loop powered mass and mass meter • MODBUS – optional output – can be ordered on any configuration except that it makes the meter a high power unit – no longer loop powered • Fieldbus • Profibus PA – working with a consulting firm – expect it to be complete end of fourth quarter • Foundation Fieldbus – future after Profibus PA

50. New Product Features - Software • Units Menu • Added ability to display and output pressure units in Absolute or Gauge • Need to enter the atmospheric pressure at meter location – or default atmospheric, i.e. 14.7 psia at sea level