Welcome to Arkansas History Chapter 03- Explorers and Invaders

1. Welcome to Arkansas History • Chapter 03- Explorers and Invaders

2. Bell Work Agenda: Explorers & Invaders Homework: read pages 61 - 67 Objective: Students will examine the earliest explorers of Arkansas. • Who fueled the fires of exploration? • What Spanish explorer arrived about 50 years after Columbus? ostentatious - (adjective) overly showy, pretentious.

4. Time Line • 1492 – 1780 • People to know… • Chief Angaska - Henri de Tonti • John Cabot - Louis Joliet • Columbus • Hernando de Soto - La Salle • Bernard de la Harpe - John Law • Jean Baptiste Filhiol - Marquette

5. Places to Locate • Arkansas Post • Arkansas River • France • Great Britain • Mississippi River • Spain

7. Europeans Invade Arkansas • Exploration changes both cultures • Religion • New land • Trade routes • Resources • Knowledge

8. Columbus Fuels the Fire • Columbus told stories of great wealth when he returned to Europe • Other countries followed • England sent John Cabot to find a shorter route to Asia. • England claimed lands in the new world. • Spain, France, Holland, Italy, Great Britain, and Portugal all began to explore and claimed lands to establish trade.

10. Hernando De Soto • Conquistadors means, “one who conquers.” • Found large amounts of gold and silver in Mexico, when they landed 50 years after Columbus. • La Florida • 600 men wandered across the southeast • Treated natives badly • Stole food and supplies from the Indians • Killed and enslaved many Indians • Greatest fine – Mississippi River but no more great

11. Invading Arkansas • Crossed the Mississippi River in the spring of 1541 • Found many native villages that they described as impressive. • De Soto hoped to supply his troops. • De Soto told the natives that he was “the son of the sun” and promised to bring rain. It did rain the next day. • The Indians did seem to see de Soto as a god.

12. Problems Continue • Short on food and supplies • Lost much of their livestock • Many of his men died from disease or while fighting native groups. • The Tula Indians of western Arkansas were not intimidated by the Spanish and killed many using there long lances used for buffalo hunting.

13. Problems Continue • After nearly a year, de Soto died from disease. • His body was wrapped and weighted down and dropped in the Mississippi River. • They didn’t want to let the Indians know that the god, de Soto was dead. • The remaining men fled down the river. • When they reached Mexico, around 300 men were left. • Spain did not return for many years.

15. Bell Work Agenda: Explorers & Invaders Homework: Reading Guide Ch 03- Theme 02 Objective: Students will examine the earliest explorers of Arkansas. • Who crossed the Mississippi River in 1541 to enter Arkansas? • What happened to de Soto? Word of the Day adulation - (noun) extreme admiration.

16. Changes for Native Americans • Disease was one of the most devastating changes to Native Americans. • Measles, tuberculosis, mumps, influenza, chicken pox and smallpox. • Their bodies had no immunities to these diseases. • These disease spread quickly and killed many Native Americans. • Killed and enslaved many Native Americans. • The lives enjoyed by many Native Americans were changed forever.

18. Studying Tree Rings • Scientist have also found evidence in tree rings, that they may have experienced severe drought during this time.

19. Legend of the Razorback • Have you ever wondered were we got the Razorbacks? • It is believed that domestic hogs escaped from the Spanish during a storm.

21. French Explorers • With all the difficulties faced by de Soto, the Spanish did not return for nearly 100 years. • The French are going to take advantage of the Spanish absence. • King Louis XIV is going to push for more exploration. • 1673 - Catholic Priest Jacques Marquette and a fur trapper named Louis Joliet are going to travel down the Mississippi River to explore.

22. French Explorers • Encountered the Quapaw Indians at the confluence of the White and Arkansas Rivers. • Confluence – were two rivers or streams come together. • Wanted to establish good relationship with the Indians, unlike the Spanish. • The French treated the Indians much better. • Two reasons • Religion • Trade

23. French Explorers • Welcomed with • a ceremony • a feast • and an exchange of gifts. • Warned about the Spanish. • returned to Canada • believed the Mississippi River went to the Gulf of Mexico. • established good relationship with the Indians

24. The Calumet Ceremony • The Calumet is a decorated pipe on a long stick (peace pipe). • Symbol of peace and friendship • Used to negotiate with others • The men would sit and smoke together. • Dancing and feasting • The Calumet is then given as a gift and to provide protection as they traveled.

26. La Salle Explores Arkansas • Rene’-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle was born to a wealthy French family. • Was a teacher • Moved to New France (Canada) • Studied Indian culture. • Explored and traded with the Indians. • Searched for the mouth of the Mississippi River.

28. La Salle Explores Arkansas • 1682 – traveled down the Mississippi River. • Visited the Quawpaw near the mouth of the Arkansas River. • Welcome with a Calumet Ceremony. • Placed a large wooden crossed and claimed the territory for France. • La Louisiane in honor of King Louis XIV • Found the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the land for France.

31. A New French Colony • After returning to New France, La Salle asked for permission to start a new colony. • He was granted permission and supplies but failed to return to the mouth of the Mississippi when they were ship wrecked off the coast of Texas. • 1685 settlement established • Fort St. Louis • La Salle was killed by his own men on third attempt to find the Mississippi River. • Henri de Tonti – established the “Arkansas Post” near the mouth of the Arkansas River

32. Life at Arkansas Post • Tonti hoped to established a trading post in Arkansas. • Quawpaw not interested in trapping beaver. • John Law attempted to establish the first post. • (see Bursting the Mississippi Bubble) • Many investors died before reaching the settlement. • Financial problems in Europe crippled the new post. • Early residents included soldiers, farmers, slaves, and trappers.

33. Life at Arkansas Post • 1749 Official Census • 31 White Settlers • 14 Slaves • 29 Pigs • 60 Cows • 29 Bulls and Steers • 3 Horses

35. Moving the Post • Reasons why the post moved several time during its first 100 years: • seasonal flooding • fear of attack by British and Indians • mosquito infested conditions and disease • 1803 - Louisiana Purchase: Arkansas becomes part of the United State. • Today: national memorial and state park.

37. Colonial Arkansas • Mercantilism – created to increase wealth and power through tight economic controls. • Colonies brought wealth into European countries. • Explorers searched for resources to increase the wealth of the mother countries. • Conflict developed between the European countries for control of new lands. • The French struggled to keep control of Arkansas.

38. Trade Goods • Trade was difficult to establish in Arkansas. • Early trade included: • Bear oil • Buffalo meat • Buffalo tallow (fat) • Trappers traded beads, iron hatchets, pots, knives, guns, cloth, and blankets for Indian furs. • Deer Skin was the most common fur. • Indians hired to hunt and trade for Europeans.

39. Farming • Arkansas Post never became a strong farming community. • Flooding and droughts caused havoc for settlers and farmers. • Quawpaw kept many settlers from starving. • Later improvements made life better but the post continued to need outside supples.

40. Searching for Arkansas Treasure • Legends of gold, silver, and a large emerald rock spread in Europe. • Bernard de la Harpe was sent to find the treasure. • Emerald turned out to be sand stone. • La grande roche or “big rock.” • La petit roche or “little rock.” • La Harpe established a trading post at the site of a Quawpaw village near la petit roche.

41. French and Indian War • 1754 – Start of French and Indian War between England and France. • Conflict over territory in North America • “Seven Years War” • Quawpaw helped the French against the British and other Indians. • Prisoners of War kept at the Arkansas Post. • France lost the war and control of its territories in North America. • Spain gains control of the territory

42. Arkansas Post was first settled by the French in 1686.

43. French Names • Many of our towns, rivers, streams, and places were named by the French. • Examples: • Terre Noir • Bayou De Roche • Petit Jean • Bayou Meto

44. The American Revolution • Started not long after French and Indian War. • July 4, 1776 – 13 colonies declare their independence. • The British fought to keep their territory. • Allies in Arkansas • Supported by Spain – used Arkansas Post • British supporters attacked the post after the war was over (they hadn’t heard the news yet.) • Spanish commander was upset with Chief Angaska, a Quawpaw, because he failed to warn the Spanish.

45. Chief Angaska had been tricked some Chickasaw Indians, who said Americans were coming to visit the fort. • Chief Angaska and others tracked the attackers and those captured from the post. • Most of the captured were released and returned to the post.

47. End of Slide Show