Steven Manos 1,2 Leon Poladian 3 , Maryanne Large 1 s.manos@ucl.ac.uk

1. Evolutionary Design ofMicrostructured Polymer Optical Fibres using anArtificial Embryogeny Representation Steven Manos1,2 Leon Poladian3, Maryanne Large1 s.manos@ucl.ac.uk 1. Optical Fibre Technology Centre, University of Sydney. 2. Centre for Computational Science, University College London. 3. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney. GECCO2007 Human Competitive Design Awards, 9th July, 2007, UCL, London, England

2. New functionality = more complex designs? : Applications of Optical Fibres : • Long distance telecommunications • Computer networks • Automotive and aeronautical • Electrical current measurement • Temperature and strain sensing • Medical (lasers and endoscopy) GECCO2007 Human Competitive Design Awards, 9th July, 2007, UCL, London, England

3. : How does design relate to application? : The behaviour of light depends on this internal structure GECCO2007 Human Competitive Design Awards, 9th July, 2007, UCL, London, England

4. L d Manos et. al. ACOFT 2002 Kerrinckx et. al. Opt. Exp. 2004 Poletti et. al. Opt. Exp. 2005 Previous MOF designs using genetic algorithms Early examples focus on hexagonal arrays, resulting in low dimensional searches in nice landscapes - 2 to 6 real parameters Optimisation rather than design. Preconception of the design type. Lots of holes! Does it needs to be this complex? GECCO2007 Human Competitive Design Awards, 9th July, 2007, UCL, London, England

5. Development of a representation to match the diverse range of MPOFs which can be manufactured : Motivation for Design : GECCO2007 Human Competitive Design Awards, 9th July, 2007, UCL, London, England

6. :Embryogeny representation - Advantages: • All candidate solutions satisfy constraints • No individuals are wasted during evolution • Easy to achieve symmetry and diversity • Built in manufacturing constraints can be updated based on empirical feedback - evolved designs can be reliably manufactured! No preconception about design type or complexity GECCO2007 Human Competitive Design Awards, 9th July, 2007, UCL, London, England

7. : Single-moded fibres : Typical hexagonal design First mode (confined) Second mode (leaky) Standard design since the early 1990’s Single-moded operation Single-moded fibres support the propagation of only the fundamental mode. These fibres are important in applications such as high- bandwidth communications, temperature sensing and strain sensing. By discovering fibres that don’t have a typical hexagonal design, we can start doing more interesting things with them. GECCO2007 Human Competitive Design Awards, 9th July, 2007, UCL, London, England

8. Evolved single-mode designs - NEW themes All designs have confined fundamental modes with lc,1 10-1 dB/m, with losses more typically being lc,1 10-3 dB/m. The loss of the second mode lc,2>104dB/m in all cases. All single-moded, yet phenotypically different. GECCO2007 Human Competitive Design Awards, 9th July, 2007, UCL, London, England

9. : Manufactured single-mode MPOF : Designs were evolved which are simpler than previous designs, and as a result are easier to manufacture. Provided us with a rich set of never before seen single-moded microstructured fibre designs to investigate further. GECCO2007 Human Competitive Design Awards, 9th July, 2007, UCL, London, England

10. Highly multi-moded fibres designed for use in LANs and other short-distance high-bandwidth applications. : A different fitness function : ‘GIMP 1’ Hand-designed fibre. ‘GIMP 3’ GA-designed GIMPOF, fewer holes, easier to manufacture. GECCO2007 Human Competitive Design Awards, 9th July, 2007, UCL, London, England

11. Experimental results for GA-designedhigh-bandwidth MPOF Bandwidth of 10 GHz, or up to 20 Gb/s Patended design Exceeds the performance specifications of polymer fibres by other manufacturers such as Fuji, Optimedia and Lucina. Production costs are much lower. GECCO2007 Human Competitive Design Awards, 9th July, 2007, UCL, London, England

12. : Human Competitive Results : ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT - NEW Developed a representation with manufacturing constraints automatically built in. No preconception about the types of of designs was made. Opened up the design space. Used vector modelling to simulate the behaviour of light in these complex fibres. A robust parallel implementation of the GA meant a turnaround within 2-3 days. REAL WORLD RESULTS - NEW Evolved single-mode designs with novel symmetries and hole patterns, and fewer holes. Ultimately, we’re evolving optical fibres with optical characteristics that are competitive with pre-existing products on the market. GECCO2007 Human Competitive Design Awards, 9th July, 2007, UCL, London, England

13. : Human Competitive Results : ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT - NEW Developed a representation with manufacturing constraints automatically built in. No preconception about the types of of designs was made. Opened up the design space. Used vector modelling to simulate the behaviour of light in these complex fibres. A robust parallel implementation of the GA meant a turnaround within 2-3 days. REAL WORLD RESULTS - NEW Evolved single-mode designs with novel symmetries and hole patterns, and fewer holes. Ultimately, we’re evolving optical fibres with with optical characteristics that are competitive with pre-existing products on the market. Thank you! GECCO2007 Human Competitive Design Awards, 9th July, 2007, UCL, London, England