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Introduction to important molecules which comprise the structure and function of all living organisms

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Chemistry. Biological Molecules. Ch 2b. Introduction to important molecules which comprise the structure and function of all living organisms. Biological Compounds. Categories:. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Proteins. Nucleic Acids. Characteristics of Biological Molecules. Principle Elements

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Introduction to important molecules which comprise the structure and function of all living organisms

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  1. Chemistry Biological Molecules Ch 2b Introduction to important molecules which comprise the structure and function of all living organisms

  2. Biological Compounds Categories: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

  3. Characteristics of Biological Molecules • Principle Elements • Ratio of Various Elements • Special Functional Groups

  4. O O H H C O C O N H H Functional Groups Hydroxyl ( -OH ) Alcohols Aldehydes, Ketones Carbonyl (C=O) Carboxyl ( -COOH ) Carboxylic acids Amino ( -NH2 ) Amines

  5. O O H H O P O S H Functional Groups Phosphate ( -H2PO4) Organic phosphates Sulfhydryl ( -SH) Thiols

  6. Characteristics of Biological Molecules Monomer • Subunits that serve as building blocks • Connected by condensation reactions (dehydration) Polymers • Covalent bonding occurs • Solubility in Water

  7. Monomers & Polymers Monomer Polymer

  8. Dehydration Synthesis Monomers H HO H HO H2O Polymer

  9. Dehydration Synthesis C6H12O6 + C6H12O6C12H22O11 + H2O

  10. Dehydration Synthesis

  11. Hydrolysis Monomers H2O H HO

  12. Hydrolysis C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

  13. Characteristics of Carbohydrates Principle Elements: C, H, & O H:O = 2:1 Many Hydroxyl Groups (-OH) Monomers: Monosaccharides Polymers: Polysaccharides Water Soluble

  14. Function of Carbohydrates • Energy Metabolism • Structural Components • Cell-to-Cell Contacts and Recognition

  15. Monosaccharides Chemical Formulas C6H12O6 C6H12O6

  16. Monosaccharides Chemical Formulas C5H10O5 C5H10O4 deoxyribose

  17. Disaccharides Lactose glucose + galactose Maltose glucose + glucose Sucrose glucose + fructose

  18. Polysaccharides glycogen

  19. Characteristics of Lipids • Principle Elements: C, H, & O • Some With P & N • H:O >>> 2:1 • Diverse Group of Biological Molecules • Water Insoluble

  20. Function of Lipids • Energy Storage • Protection & Cushioning of Body Organs • Structural Components of Membranes • Chemical Messengers (hormones)

  21. Major Types of Lipids • Triglycerides (neutral fats) • Phospholipids • Sterols • Waxes • Vitamins (A, D, E, K)

  22. Triglycerides Fatty Acid Glycerol

  23. Triglycerides

  24. Saturated Fats • Saturated with H+ • Most animal fats are saturated, ex. butter • Solid at room temp Glycerol Fatty Acids

  25. Unsaturated Fats • Has one or more double bonds between • carbons • Most vegetable fats • Liquid at room temp

  26. Phospholipids

  27. Phospholipids Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails

  28. Phospholipid Bilayer

  29. Steroids cholesterol

  30. Your Cholesterol • Cholesterol: < 175 mg/dl • Triglycerides: 30-175 mg/dl • HDL: >35 • LDL: <130 • Cholesterol/HDL ratio: <4.5 indicates heart disease

  31. Risk Factors for High Cholesterol • Family history of vascular disease • High levels of blood cholesterol • Smoking • Diabetes • Hypertension • Obesity

  32. Lower Your Cholesterol • Eat healthy • Exercise • Lose wt. • Quit smoking • 1 glass wine or beer • Medication • Surgery

  33. Characteristics of Protein • Principle Elements: C, H, O, & N • Monomers: Amino Acids • Polymers: Polypeptides or Proteins • Generally Water Soluble

  34. Characteristics of Protein Functional Groups of Amino Acids • Carboxylic Acid (-COOH) • Amine (-NH2) • R-Groups (variable - 20 different kinds)

  35. Functions of Protein • Enzymes • Structural Proteins • Chemical Messengers (Hormones) • Contractile • Antibodies

  36. Levels of Protein Structure Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quarternary structure

  37. Levels of Protein Structure Primary structure: Linear sequence of amino acids NH3 Leu Cys Val Asp Phe COO Secondary structure: H-Bonds Alpha helix Beta Pleated sheet

  38. Levels of Protein Structure Tertiary: 3D configuration Weak bonds between side chains Quartenary: Two or more polypeptides e.g. Hemoglobin (Hb)

  39. Amino Acid Structure Central carbon Hydrogen atom O H H N C C OH H R Carboxyl group Amino group Variable R group

  40. Some Amino Acids

  41. Carboxyl group of one aa Amino group of another aa Peptide bond Formation of Peptide Bonds Condensation reaction: +

  42. Formation of a Polypeptide

  43. Formation of a Polypeptide

  44. Two different polypeptides

  45. Enzymes • Catalysts- speed up a reaction • Not used up by reaction • Decrease activation energy of a reaction • (activation energy is needed to break chemical bonds) Enzymatic reactions are affected by: Temperature pH Substrate conc. Enzyme conc.

  46. Enzymes Are very specific for their substrate Substrates: Bind only to a restricted region of the enzyme (active site) Held in place by weak interactions (H-bonds) Specificity of enzyme: Compatible fit between the shape of the substrate and the shape of the active site Lock and key

  47. The Functioning of Enzymes

  48. Activation Energy

  49. Regulation of Enzymatic Activity

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