Structure and Function in Living Systems

1. Structure and Function in Living Systems Chapter 8: Systems in Organisms 8.1: Systems help organisms meet their needs 8.2: Plants have several levels of organization 8.3 Animals have several levels of organization 8.4 Human health depends on a balance among systems

2. Matching Warmup • 1. where photosynthesis takes place • 2. stems and leaves • 3. xylem and phloem • Terms • a. chloroplasts • b. vascular tissue • c. dermal tissue • d. shoot system • e. root system

4. Animalia is a diverse kingdom • Includes: Jellyfish, hydras, worms, snails, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals… • Specialization! • Tissues organs  organ systems (like plants, though cells have no cell wall) • More differentiated cell types than plants, but these differentiated cells form only four types of tissues • Multicellular! • Eukaryotic! (+nucleus)

5. Most animals have four types of tissue • A few have specialized cells but no tissues • Ex: sponges • Others have simple tissues but no organs • Ex: jellyfish • Most are more complex: four basic types of tissue • (“most” includes both vertebrates and invertebrates)

7. Most animals have four types of tissue - Epithelial Tissue • Provides protection • Allows for absorption and secretion • Epithelial tissue covers the outside of most animals as skin • Like plant’s dermal tissue • Soft and thin… • Worms, frogs • To very tough • Alligators, elephants • Also covers the surface of internal cavities, passageways, and organs • Ex: mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines • absorbs nutrients and secretes enzymes for digesting food • Secretions lubricate the passageways • Longs are lined – gas exchange

8. Nerve Tissue • Nerve tissue transmits electrical impulses • Coordinates and controls many body activities • Vertebrates: • brain, spinal cord, and nerves • Stimuli impulses sent to brain brain interprets impulses as sights, sounds, tastes, etc. • muscle contractions • Some simpler animals do not have a brain or a spinal cord • sea stars, sea anemones • Nerves are a “nerve net”

9. Nerve Tissue • Two types: • Neurons • conduct nerve impulses. • Extensions on one end of a neuron –dendrites- receive signals from other neurons • Extension on the other end of the neuron –axon-carries impulses to the next neuron • Glialcells • do not conduct nerve impulses • provide support, nourishment, and protection for the neurons.

10. neurons (green),oligodendrocytes (red) and astrocytes (blue) (types of glialcells)

11. Muscle Tissue • Bundles of long and narrow cells that can contract or shorten • Needed for all animal movement • Including movement inside the animal • beating of the heart • contractions of the digestive organs • Produce needed heat by contracting rapidly and repeatedly • Voluntary muscles – directed to move • Involuntary muscles - movement of the internal organs • work continuously

12. Connective Tissue • Joins body parts together • Protection and support • Ex: tendons and ligaments - bind other tissues together • Tendons: muscles to bone and cartilage to internal skeleton • Ligaments: bones to cartilage - unified • provides support, protects inner organs, stores calcium and phosphate, and produces blood cells • Same as in animals with an outer skeleton (lobster) or protective shell (snail) • Ex: Fat • stores energy, insulates the body, and provides protective padding for some organs • Ex: Blood • delivers oxygen, food molecules, and other nutrients • Removes, moves chemical messengers throughout the body

13. Animals are adapted to many environments • Eyes • Part of the nervous system • Some animals can only interpret presence/absence of light • Some can react to motion • Compound eyes of insect – can see in many directions at once • Some eyes can focus for much sharper images • Optic nerve  impulses to brain = camera-like image

14. Adaptation: Skin • Skin -a large organ • includes all four types of tissue • Adaptations: • mammals – hair • birds – feathers • Fish – scales • protection and support • often helps an animal regulate its body temperature.

15. Adaptation: Skeletal Systems - exoskeleton • Vertebrates -animals that have a skull and a backbone, • Invertebrates - don’t • Many have an exoskeleton • a strong but flexible outer covering • supports and protects • Prevents it from drying out • jointed, often divided into segments • spiders, lobsters, crabs, and shrimp, and all insects– beetles, bees, and ants • Muscles attached to the inside • cannot grow along with the animal • it must discard its exoskeleton from time to time and replace it • Molting - the process of shedding the exoskeleton

16. Adaptation: Skeletal Systems -endoskeleton • Vertebrate animals have an internal support system called an endoskeleton • typically made of the connective tissues—bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons • grows along with the animal • Cheetah: • the backbone protects the spinal cord, and the ribs protect the internal organs • Powerful muscles attached to large bones – runs fast

17. Check-in… • What structures aid in movement? • muscles attached to bones • What is the function of the cheetah’s ribs? • to protect internal organs like the heart and lungs • Describe what will happen when a muscle contracts. • It will shorten and pull the lower bone upward. • What different types of connective tissue make up the endoskeleton in vertebrate animals? • bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons • Why must an animal like a shrimp or a crab replace its exoskeleton? • The exoskeleton does not grow along with the animal’s body. • How does this cheetah’s endoskeleton relate to the cheetah’s shape? • The cheetah’s endoskeleton creates the shape of the cheetah; it encloses and supports the internal organs

18. http://www.classzone.com/books/ml_science_share/vis_sim/hbm05_pg7_organs/hbm05_pg7_organs.htmlhttp://www.classzone.com/books/ml_science_share/vis_sim/hbm05_pg7_organs/hbm05_pg7_organs.html

19. Organ systems work together Except for simple organisms like sponges and jellyfish, all animals have organ systems http://www.classzone.com/books/ml_science_share/vis_sim/hbm05_pg63_heart/hbm05_pg63_heart.html • Respiratory System: • oxygen enters the body and carbon dioxide exits • Occurs in the lungs for many vertebrates (such as mammals) • Circulatory System • transports blood throughout the body • carries materials to and from the cells and organs • (in many animals) the heart pumps blood continuously • The circulatory system works closely with the respiratory system – pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body http://www.classzone.com/books/ml_science_share/vis_sim/hbm05_pg35_diaghragm/hbm05_pg35_diaghragm.html

20. Organ systems work together • Skeletal System • provides support and protection. • Movement • Ex: arthropods have exoskeletons - their muscles attach from the inside • Ex: Snakes have long central backbones with as many as several hundred pairs of ribs attached • Ex: Sharks have skeletons made entirely of cartilage -flexibility in the water

21. Organ systems work together • Lymphatic System • includes the immune system • defends the body against invading viruses and bacteria • Vessels collect the fluid outside the cells, or plasma, and return it to the blood • Organs produce chemicals that help regulate many body processes • Endocrine system • releases hormones into the blood • control the activities of cells • manage water and chemical balances in the body • The endocrine system works together with the circulatory, digestive, and reproductive systems

22. Organ systems work together • Digestive System • processes the food and liquid • Biting, chewing, and mashing begin • Chemicals break down food further • Nutrients and water are absorbed through the intestinal walls into the blood stream • Undigested waste is excreted

23. Organ systems work together • Nervous System • The nervous system detects andresponds to external and internal stimuli • It connects the systems of the body together • In vertebrates, the brain and spinal cord are the central nervous system (CNS) • The nerves going out from the spinal cord to the rest of the body are the peripheral nervous system (PNS) • Muscular System • Allows animals to move and to change shape • Muscles protect the bones and the internal organs of animals with endoskeletons

24. Organ systems work together • Integumentary System • protects the body from the external environment • regulate body temperature: controls flow of fluids such as blood and sweat • Sweat glands, hair, feathers, and scales • Urinary System • helps keep the amounts of fluids and the materials in them balanced • In vertebrates: • kidneys remove wastes, salt, and excess water from the blood plasma • Wastes and water are stored in the bladder • eliminated as urine • Reproductive System • organs necessary for the animals to produce offspring • the only system that is not essential to the survival of the individual organism

25. http://www.whitman.edu/biology/vpd/main.html