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History of Cognitive Neuroscience

History of Cognitive Neuroscience. Neolithic Neurology (i.e. trephination) Estimated 65% survival rate from Stanley Finger, neurologist One archeological site in France with 120 skulls had 40 with holes. Fundamental Circularity of Being.

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History of Cognitive Neuroscience

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  1. History of Cognitive Neuroscience Neolithic Neurology (i.e. trephination) Estimated 65% survival rate from Stanley Finger, neurologist One archeological site in France with 120 skulls had 40 with holes

  2. Fundamental Circularity of Being “The world is inseparable from the subject, but from a subject which is nothing but a projection of the world, and the subject is inseparable from the world, but from a world which the subject itself projects.” Merleau-Ponty (1906-1961)

  3. Goal of Cognitive Neuroscience is to provide and explain the correspondence between brain and mind structure and function Does brain=mind or some other relationship?

  4. Ancient views of the mind Cerebrocentric Cardiocentric Plato, Hippocrates Aristotle

  5. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) De Humani Corporis Fabrica (The Fabric of The Human Body) – 1543 Studied anatomy solely for structure Some error in brain convolutions

  6. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) De Homine – 1662 Mechanistic view of brain Pineal gland – gateway to soul

  7. Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) Professor of Obstetrics Moves frog leg with static electricity Detects electricity in the nerves of frogs

  8. Phrenology

  9. Cerebral Localization: Gall Franz Gall (1781) pioneer • noted aphasia-frontal lesion link • Phrenology: Analysis of the shapes and lumps of the skull would reveal a person’s personality and intellect. • Identified 27 basic faculties like imitation, spirituality Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)

  10. Cerebral Holism (Diffuse representation) • Pierre Flourens (1824) set up lab to attack Gall’s mind-brain equivalence. • He demonstrated that main divisions of brain were responsible for largely different functions. • By removing cerebrum, all perceptions, motor function, and judgment were abolished. • Removal of cerebellum affected equilibrium and motor coordination. • Destruction of brain stem caused death. • Extensive cortical lesions in birds and rabbits showed little behavioral change, which led him to believe that these functions are represented diffusely around the brain.

  11. Swing back to Localization • Bouillaud (1825): large series of speech loss with frontal lesions • Marc Dax (1836): LH damage, right hemiplegia, & aphasia linked • Paul Broca (1861) convincing evidence of speech laterality; Tan

  12. Paul Broca (1824-1880) Anthropologist and anatomist Paris educated MD pathologist “Tan” aphasic patient died in April 1861 “Nous parlons avez l’hemisphere gauche”

  13. Swing back to Localization Carl Wernicke (1874): temporal lesion disturbs comprehension. Developed connectionism model of language and predicated conduction aphasia

  14. Back to Holism John Hughlings Jackson CNS ~hierarchies, highly interactive

  15. Korbinian Brodmann (1868-1918) Established the basis for comparative cytoarchitectonics of the mammalian cortex.

  16. Back to Localization Brodmann (1905) 52 cytoarchitectonic brain areas Experimental Neurology: Patient H.M. and callosotomy

  17. Camillo Golgi (1843-1926) Golgi’s silver chromate stain shows dendrites, soma, and axons

  18. Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934) Father of Modern Neuroscience

  19. Birth of Cognitive Neuroscience Cognitive Psychology strengths:cognitive components (versus abilities like speech) Neuroimaging strengths: normal brains, spatial resolution Neurology strengths:mechanisms, causation

  20. Modern Phrenology

  21. History of Cognitive Neuroscience

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