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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Many molecules important to living organisms some are quite small----> water many important ones are very large ----> macromolecules 4 major types found in living organisms : carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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  1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY • Many molecules important to living organisms • some are quite small----> water • many important ones are very large ---->macromolecules • 4 major types found in living organisms: • carbohydrates • lipids • proteins • nucleic acids

  2. Chemistry of Water

  3. Living things are composed of organic molecules, which means that they contain carbon • carbon has four electrons in outer shell which can bond with other atoms • carbon can be linked to other carbons or atoms such as hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and nitrogen(N) • long links of these carbons can form into chains or rings • Some organic molecules ONLY contain linked carbons and hydrogen ---->hydrocarbons (ex: methane) • living organisms tend to be composed of very long and unreactive carbon chains (unlike methane, which is very reactive!)

  4. In organic chemistry, molecules with similar properties are grouped together • These all have similar groups of atoms, and these groups of atoms are called functional groups • Functional groups can provide physical and chemical properties such as polarity and acidity (ex; carboxyl, -COOH, is a weak acid) • Most reactions in living organisms involves the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another • The following is a list of common functional groups • OHHydroxyl • COCarbonyl • COOHCarboxyl • NH2Amino • SHSulfhydryl • PO4 Phosphate • CH3Methyl

  5. Construction of Macromolecules • many macromolecules are polymers, which means that they are constructed of many linked identical or similar subunits • How are macromolecules made? Remove an OH from one molecule, and an H from another molecule • this requires energy • it is called dehydration synthesis (do you see the water above?!) • in living organisms, enzymes assist in these reactions • Macromolecules are disassembled in the opposite way, by adding a water molecule (OH added to one, H to another subunit) • this releases energy • reactions of this type are called hydrolysis

  6. Dehydration Synthesis

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