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See Web Page for Lecture Outlines in Word and Power Point reader download.

See Web Page for Lecture Outlines in Word and Power Point reader download. LEGAL RITES (cont’d) Hanafi: rationalist – qiyas, ijtihad (“personal initiative” in Peters) (2) Maliki: traditionalist - hadith (3) Shafi c i: rationalist traditionalist – hadith verification

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See Web Page for Lecture Outlines in Word and Power Point reader download.

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  1. See Web Page for Lecture Outlines in Word and Power Point reader download.

  2. LEGAL RITES (cont’d) • Hanafi: rationalist – qiyas, ijtihad (“personal initiative” in Peters) • (2) Maliki: traditionalist - hadith • (3) Shafici: rationalist traditionalist – hadith verification • (4) Hanbali: “fundamentalist” – Qur’an and verifiable hadith only HANAFI MALIKI SHAFICI SHAFICI → SHAFICI

  3. THE BUREAUCRACY • The caliph’s household in the palace • inner vs. outer • A. Eunuchs (more in Week 10) • B. Hājib = chamberlain > hijab (veiling, concealing) • C. Scribes (sing. kātib) in the chancery / treasury • (1) Professionalization of ulama • (2) Kept caliph’s seal • D. The WAZIR (vizier) = govt. minister • (1) Tutor to princes→caliph’s deputy

  4. (2) The BARMAKID family of wazirs (a) From Balkh in Khurasan (now in Afghanistan), ancestors Buddhist priests (paramaka) Balkh

  5. (b) Yahya al-Barmaki, tutor to Harun al-Rashid (r. 786-809)→wazir (c) Yahya makes son Jacfar wazir, keeper of seal, master of mint. (d) 803: Harun has Jacfar beheaded, Yahya and al-Fadl jailed. Khalid ibn Barmak │ Yahya Al-Fadl Jacfar (1) (2) (3) (5) (4)

  6. (3) Wazir’s military status: amir II. Govt. bureaus (diwans) overseen by kātibs (scribes) A. Chancery: kept records, issued documents B. Tax collection: kharaj, jizya C. Salaries D. Barid = messenger service / watchdog agency III. Problem of lack of sources Coins, seals, manuals of statecraft IV. Provincial administration: Governors oversaw their own bureaucracies, with emphasis on collection of land tax.

  7. THE PAPER On a figure: “Founding fathers”: The Prophet Muhammad, Ali ibn Abi Talib, Umar, Aisha Sufis: Rabia (a woman), al-Junayd, al-Hallaj, Ibn Arabi Theologians: al-Shafici, al-Ghazali (also a mystic) Philosophers: Avicenna, Averroes Considerations: How do one or more authors present this figure? How does the author’s chronological and/or geographical distance from the figure affect his account? On an author frequently used by Peters: Ibn Ishaq, al-Ghazali, Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Battuta, al-Muqaddisi ********************************* On a subject: life of the Prophet, sufism, Islamic philosophy, Shicite theology Considerations: How do different authors treat this subject? How do their accounts reflect change in attitudes or change over time? E.g., how does al-Muqaddisi’s account of sufism differ from that of Ibn Battuta?

  8. THE MAMLUK INSTITUTION • Slavery in the Abbasid empire • A. Agricultural • The Zanj (African slave) revolt, S. Iraq 869-83 • B. Elite slavery in the palace • C. What is a mamluk? • (1) Mamlūk = “owned” • (2) Natal alienation, conversion to Islam • (3) Manumitted (freed) • (4) Children were free Muslims.

  9. II. History A. Comparison to non-Arab mawāli (1) Patron-client ties with ruler (2) Joined ruler’s household, adopted laqab (3) Close ties to “brother” mamluks B. Possible Sasanian/Byzantine prototype? C. Turks

  10. a camp of Turkic nomads, as depicted by 15th-century painter known as “Siyah Kalem” (Black Pen)

  11. (1) Horsemen (2) Archers – short bow C. Non-Turkish mamluks: Indians, Saqalliba (Slavs?) D. System of military recruitment

  12. III. Samarra, founded 836 by caliph al-Muctasim , capital till 872 A. Parody of garrison towns? (1) Conquering elite isolated from masses (2) Place on military payroll (diwan) depended on “Turkishness.” (3) City divided according to ethno-regional identity (4) Mamluks married slave-girls from same regions. Samarra (2) (1) (3) (5) (4) (8) (6) (7)

  13. mosque of caliph al-Mutawakkil (r. 847-61), Samarra

  14. Jawsaq al-Khakhani palace in Samarra (9th c.)

  15. B. Effects of Samarra (1) Rivalries among various mamluk ethnic groups (2) Mamluk manipulation of the caliphate IV. Epilogue

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