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The Journey of the Cherokee: Indian Removal and Its Impact on Native American Communities

The forced removal of Native Americans, particularly the Cherokee, from their ancestral lands in the 19th century marked a tragic era in U.S. history. With over 16,000 Cherokee subjected to the Indian Removal Act of 1830, this mass relocation led to the infamous Trail of Tears, where many perished from disease and hardship. As the U.S. government aimed to establish control over tribal lands, the complex interplay of diplomacy, sovereignty, and cultural identity underscored the evolving narrative of indigenous people in America.

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The Journey of the Cherokee: Indian Removal and Its Impact on Native American Communities

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  1. Indian Removal Policy

  2. Demographics • 1500 = 7 million Indians in North America • 1600 = 3 million • 2000 = 2, 476,000 ( .9% of U.S. population) • Over 500 federally-recognized tribes

  3. Contact with Spanish, French, British • Spanish and French = 16th century • British = 17th century • Religious conversion, intermarriage, gender roles?

  4. The Cherokees • Appalachia • Colonial Era = Most powerful tribe in Southeast • Deerskin trade • Land encroachment post-Revolution

  5. Changes in U.S. Approach • Indian negotiations treated as a diplomatic engagement with a sovereign nation • Constitution’s supremacy clause = President & Congress establish Indian policy to control the actions of state residents

  6. “Civilization Policy” • Henry Knox, Washington’s Secretary of War • 1631 = 1st Praying Town in Puritan New England • 1674 = 14 Praying towns with 1,111 Indians • 5 Civilized Tribes = Choctaw, Creek, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Seminole

  7. Cherokee Nationalism • Changes in division of labor, farming as “women’s work” • Private property, ferries, toll roads, slave ownership, Christian mission schools • Sequoyah’ssyllabary of 85 symbols • Cherokee Phoenix, 1828 • 200 elite Cherokee men married white women

  8. Opposition • Fertile land for cotton in Appalachia • Georgia claimed Cherokee land fell within the jurisdiction of state borders • Cherokees not allowed to testify in any legal case against whites • Creation of Indian Territory • 1829 = Gold discovered in Georgia

  9. Indian Removal Act, 1830 • 1828 = Jackson elected with the support of Southern voters • 16,000 Cherokee + rest of 5 Civilized Tribes • Divided American public • Worcester v. Georgia, 1832

  10. Cherokee a “domestic dependent nation” with sovereign rights” --Chief Justice John Marshall • Treaty of New Echota, 1836 Chief Justice John Marshall Cherokee Chief John Ross

  11. Trail of Tears, 1838 – 1839 • Dysentery, measles, whopping cough, fever, hunger • Kept in stockades • ¼ of 16,000 Cherokee died • 15,000 Creek, 12,000 Choctaw, 5,000 Chickasaw, + Seminole • 81 million acres of Cherokee land in 9 states to160,000 acres in Oklahoma

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