LG’s

2. LG’s • 4: Identify and use phrases correctly • 3: Understand differences among phrase, clause, sentence.

3. Phrase vs. clause vs. sentence • Phrase: group of words that has either noun or verb. • Clause: group of words that has both subject and verb • Sentence: group of words with a subject and a predicate that expresses a complete thought.

4. Phrase • The bewildered tourist • The lost puppy • Taking my dog for a walk (gerund) • Walking in the rain (gerund) • to watch movies (infinitive) • to reduce • on the table (preposition) • for a while.(preposition)

5. Clause • When it is raining • Because you were late • that someone left on the bus (adjective) • because her seashell was broken (adverb) • Whoever ate the last piece of pie (noun) • In order to show that teachers are annoying (subordinate) • As much as teachers are annoying (subordinate)

6. Participles • Participles function as adjectives • The crying baby made me sad. • Crying modifies baby. • The fallen leaves were damp. • Fallen modifies leaves.

7. Present participle: • A verb + ~ing • Working title • Invigorating story • Past participle: • A verb + past or past perfect form: ~ed, ~en, ~t • Stolen book • Burnt toast • They are ADJECTIVES • MUST MODIFY A NOUN

8. Participial Phrases • A participle plus any attached objects, pronouns, phrases, and modifiers. • Will not have a subject and a verb. “Removing his spectacles, Mr. Fluffles peered at the painting.” • “removing his spectacles” modifies Mr. Fluffles, describing what he is doing. • Removing is the participle • His spectacles is the direct object of the participle.

9. Participial Phrases “Mr. Krinklebottom noticed his dog walker walkingin the park.” • Walking in the park modifies dog walker. It describes what the dog walker is doing. • Walking is the participle • In the park is an adverbial prepositional phrase “Children interested inmusicearly develop strong intellectual skills.” • “interested in music early” modifies children. It describes a what kind of children. • Interested (in) is the past participle • music is a direct object of the participle

10. Participial Phrases • Careful! • Always place the participle or participial phrase AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE to the noun it modifies. • Dangling participles • “Walking to the store, the birds chirped loudly” • “Running between classes, the books fell to the ground.”

11. Careful—Dangling participle • Always place the participle or participle phrase AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE to the noun it modifies. • NO: “Carrying a heavy pile of books, his foot caught on a step.” • What’s the participle modifying? It’s unclear • YES: “Carrying a heavy pile of books, he caught his foot on a step.”

12. Careful—Dangling participle • NO: “Hiking the trail, the birds chirped loudly.” • Who’s hiking? Birds? • YES: “Hiking the trail, Professor Slakkles heard the birds chirping loudly.” • NO: “Wishing I could sing, the high notes seemed to taunt me.” • Who’s wishing? The notes? • YES: “Wishing I could sing, I feel taunted by the high notes.

13. LGs • 4: Identify and correct problems with subject-verb agreement. • 3: Understand how phrases and clauses impact subject-verb agreement.

14. Prepositions/ Prepositional Phrases • Always carry objective pronouns • Time, location, direction, relationships

15. What it is • A prepositional phrase is • A preposition + an object (noun). • To the store • Around the bend • For my mema • Through the window • Among the crowd • With my bestest, most wonderfulest, happiest friend. • Find the preposition. The next noun is the object of the preposition.

16. What it does • Time • At three o’clock • On Monday • In the afternoon • Since yesterday • From spring until fall • Location • Above our heads • On the table • Below the equator • Near the elevator • By the vending machine • Between the two small ice cream cones • Direction • Towards the shore • Across the blackboard • Over our heads • Relationships • Like the blackbird • Instead of pepper jack cheese • Concerning the speeding ticket • Considering all the options.

17. Functions as an adjective • Which one, what kind, how many, how much • The cookie on the kitchen floor is filthy gross. • Which cookie? The one on the kitchen floor! • The message from Beaker confessed that he was in love with Miss Piggy. • Which message? The one from Beaker! • Boys with long hair often get slower swimming times. • What kind of boys? With long hair.

18. Or an adverb • How? When? Why? Where? • Beaker is sore from yesterday's confusing science experiment. • How did Beaker get sore? From yesterday's confusing science experiment! • Feeling brave, Dr. Teeth tried the Sizzlin’ Salsa at Swedish Chef’s Spice Soiree. • Where did he eat the spicy salsa? At Swedish Chef’s Spice Soiree!

19. Prepositional Phrases • Careful • Stand up, sit down, save up, sign in • NOT prepositions. There’s no object. • These are phrasal verbs • Never the subject of a sentence • Each of the boys plays basketball.

20. Nouns • Subject of the sentence. • The boy, though just a lad of 15, ran 15 miles through the forest and under the berry bushes. • Direct object • Who or what after the verb. • Tom threw me the ball. • I built a house. • Mr. Snazzy and Mr. Jazzy enjoyed a concert in the park. • Indirect object • To whom or to what. • Tom threw me the ball. • Daddy built his darling son a 50 foot treehouse. • Object of a preposition (for later) • Through the field • Over the fence • After the rain

21. Direct ObjectWho or what AFTER the verb.Threw what? • Tom threw me the ball. • I built a house. • Mr. Snazzy and Mr. Jazzy enjoyed a concert in the park.

22. Indirect Objectto whom or to what AFTER the direct objectThrew to whom? • Tom threw me the ball. • I built my parents a house. • Mr. Snazzy and Mr. Jazzy enjoyed a concert in the park.

23. Subject—Verb agreement • Singular subjects need singular verbs • Locate the verb first. Then ask “Who or what is doing this?” That will tell you the subject of the sentence. Then you can figure out agreement. • Don’t get confused by phrases/clauses that come between the subject and the verb. • There is/are: the subject comes AFTER the verb. • “There is a question.” “There are many questions.”

24. Pronouns • Objective pronouns • DO, IO, Object of a preposition • Subjective pronouns • Subject of an independent or dependent clause, linking verb • Singular pronouns • Collective singular nouns, or/nor, • Plural Pronouns • Collective plural nouns, and, compound subjects

25. Pronouns • Antecedents • MUST AGREE • Problems: • Missing antecedent • Faraway antecedent • Ambiguous (unclear) antecedents

26. Tricky moments with objective pronouns. • Who/ Whom • He can run faster than I. • She likes me better than him.

27. Run-ons • Red Flags • More than two conjunctions • More than one idea in a sentence • Fixes • Semicolon • Conjunctions • Coordinating and conjunctive adverbs • Separating ideas with punctuation

28. Commas • Appositives

29. The Exam • Match the underlined verb in the sentence to the correct verb tense • Choose the correct antecedent • Choose the verb that correctly fits the sentence • Using any of the noun clause signal words below, write 1 sentence with a noun clause as the subject of the sentence, 1 with a noun clause as a direct object, and 1 with a noun clause as an object of a preposition. • Using any of the prepositions below, write 1 sentence with an adverb prepositional phrase, 1 sentence with an adjective prepositional phrase, and 1 sentence with a direct object prepositional phrase. • Underline the participle or participle phrase in the sentences below. Then draw a line to the noun it modifies. Some sentences may have more than one. • Identify grammatical mistakes in the following paragraph.

30. Verb Tenses • Present, past, future • Progressive: the now now • Present “is/am/are ~ing • Past “was/were ~ing • Future “will be ~ing • Perfect: have/ had • Have/ had studied for 10 years • Will have studied for 10 years.

31. Noun Clauses Change to subordinating clause practice • Clause: has subject and verb; not a complete thought. • Phrase: has subject or verb or object • Who, Whom, Whose, Which, That, If, Whether, What, When, Where, How, Why, Whoever, Whenever, Whatever, Wherever • An entire clause that functions as a NOUN. • Subject of a sentence, DO, Object of a preposition, Predicate nominative.