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This informative text discusses key definitions in psychology research, including hypotheses and theories. A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between variables, while a theory provides an explanation for various findings. The importance of representative samples and the techniques of random selection and random assignment in research are highlighted. Furthermore, the distinction between correlation and causation is explained, emphasizing that causation can only be determined through experimental methods, which aim to describe, predict, and investigate phenomena in depth.

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  2. Helpful Defintions • A hypothesis is a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables. • A theory, or model, is a tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for diverse findings on the same topic. • ---Theories are tools for explaining behavior and mental processes; they evolve and change as new evidence emerges, reflecting the self-correcting nature of the scientific enterprise.

  3. A sample is a selected segment of the larger group or population being studied. • A representative sample very closely parallels the larger group on relevant characteristics, such as age, sex, race, marital status, and educational level. • -----To help ensure that researchers select a representative sample, researchers commonly use random selection, which means that every member of the larger group has an equal chance of being selected for inclusion in the sample. • Researchers use random assignment to assign participants to different experimental groups.

  4. 11. Correlation ONLY indicates a relationship between 2 or more variables. Causation can only be determined when the experimental method is used.

  5. What is the basic goal of the experimental method? • A) describe and predict naturally occurring phenomena • B) discover new operational definitions • C) demonstrate that one variable causes changes in another variable • D) investigate a single subject in depth

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