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Global Civil Unrest

Global Civil Unrest. The Mexican Revolution. Causes M ost Mexicans were poor peasants with no land, no education, and no hope for improvement Factory workers and miners earned very low wages while the owners grew wealthy The small middle-class wanted a more democratic government.

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Global Civil Unrest

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  1. Global Civil Unrest

  2. The Mexican Revolution • Causes • Most Mexicans were poor peasants with no land, no education, and no hope for improvement • Factory workers and miners earned very low wages while the owners grew wealthy • The small middle-class wanted a more democratic government

  3. Unstable Leadership • 1910: President Porfirio Diaz had reformer Francisco Madero arrested; his arrest was followed by widespread revolts, forcing Diaz to resign • Madero became president of Mexico, but was soon overthrown and assassinated by military dictator VictorianoHuerta • Huerta himself was almost immediately overthrown by Venustiano Carranza

  4. Villa & Zapata • Carranza became President of Mexico in 1917 with the help of two popular revolutionaries: • Francisco “Pancho” Villa, who had many supporters in northern Mexico • Emiliano Zapata, a Native American and former tenant farmer who had many followers in the south

  5. More Bloodshed • Carranza soon fell out with Villa and Zapata, and in the fighting that followed, all three men were assassinated (plus over 1 million Mexicans were killed and US troops entered Mexico) • Carranza had, however, approved a new constitution for Mexico, which is still in use today

  6. The Mexican Constitution • Allowed breakup of large private estates • Restricted foreign ownership of land • Restricted power of the Catholic Church • Set a minimum wage and allowed workers to strike • Gave women the same rights as men (except in voting)

  7. The PRI Brings Stability • By 1929the country had stabilized under the leadership of thePartidoRevolucionarioInstitucional (Institutional Revolutionary Party) • The PRI reached out to all groups in Mexican society • Supported social reforms, but also suppressed all political opposition • In 1938, the PRI nationalized all oil production in Mexico to protect it from foreign companies

  8. Latin Nationalism • After WWI, Latin American countries became determined to become economically independent of Europe and the U.S. • In many cases, foreign-owned industries were taken over and nationalized • Latin Americans also began to take pride in their own unique cultures

  9. South African Apartheid • In South Africa, whites moved to limit the freedoms of blacks • restricted jobs available to black Africans • forced African blacks to live in certain areas • 1936: all black voting rights were eliminated • 1948: apartheid made complete racial segregation into law

  10. African National Congress • In 1912, black Africans formed the African National Congress (ANC) to protest the loss of freedoms to colonial powers • The ANC vowed to use only legal means, but was still branded as a “terror” organization, especially in South Africa – it would take over 75 years to make any impact

  11. Egypt • During WWI, Egypt was forced into providing Britain with food and labor, causing resentment • After the war, Egyptians set aside their differences to create the WafdParty and push for independence • 1922: British granted Egypt its independence (except the Suez Canal Zone) • In the 1930s, the “Muslim Brotherhood” was formed – rejected western culture and the new Egyptian government

  12. Turkey • After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey became an independent republic, led by Mustafa “Ataturk” Kemal • Kemal westernized Turkey, angering many fundamentalist Muslims • European style law replaced Islamic law • Muslim calendar replaced by European • Replaced Arabic script with western alphabet • Forced people to dress in western style • Women were allowed to vote, dress as they wished • Polygamy (multiple-wives) was banned

  13. Iran • 1925: Reza Khan overthrew the British & Russian backed king of Persia and set himself up as shah • modernized Iran • made the same types of reforms that Ataturk had made in Turkey • forced British oil companies, who controlled Iran’s oil fields, to share profits with government

  14. The Middle East • The Middle East had been controlled by the Ottomans until WWI • After the war, France took control of Syria and Lebanon while Britain took control of Iraq, Jordan, and Palestine (Israel) • The Arabs had been promised independence for their help in WWI, so they felt angry and betrayed when they did not get it • European mistreatment led to Arab unity and a call for an end to European rule

  15. Zionism • The Jews & Palestine • 1897: Theodore Herzl founded the Zionist movement, urging European Jews to reclaim the “promised land” of Israel • As anti-Semitism grew in Europe during the 1930s, more and more Jews moved to Palestine, creating tension with the Arab Palestinians

  16. India • In 1919, British troops fired on an unarmed crowd of protestors in city of Amritsar, killing 379 and wounding 1100 • Indians had been protesting Britain’s failure to keep their promise of Indian independence that had been made during WWI

  17. Mohandas Gandhi • 1869 - 1948 • Known as “Mahatma” or “Great Soul” • Schooled in Britain, earning a law degree • Spent 20 years living in South Africa fighting racism against Indians living in that country, but returned to India in 1914 to protest British rule

  18. Mohandas Gandhi • Developed the approach of “satyagraha” (soul force) or nonviolent civil disobedience which would be copied by other civil rights activists like Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. • based in Hindu beliefs in non-violence & the power of love • urged people to refuse to obey unfair laws and policies • Supported democracy, equal rights for all people, and an end to the caste system • Increased Indian national pride, encouraged self-sufficiency

  19. The Salt March • British companies held a monopoly on salt in India • 1930: Gandhi led a march to the sea to collect sea salt (which was illegal) • Gandhi was arrested and imprisoned, but thousands followed his example creating tremendous bad press for Britain

  20. Muhammad Ali Jinnah • Indian Muslims wanted independence from Britain, but feared that the Hindu majority would discriminate against them if India remained a single state • Jinnah worked with Gandhi to split India into the Hindu nation of India and the separate Islamic nation of Pakistan

  21. In 1947, India and Pakistan were given independence

  22. Pakistani-Indian Relations • Unfortunately, within a year of independence both Gandhi and Jinnah were dead, Gandhi from assassination and Jinnah from lung cancer • Without their leadership, relations between India and Pakistan quickly broke down and war erupted

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