Technology and Strategy

1. Sea Power & Maritime Affairs Lesson 6 Technology and Strategy 1865-1890

2. Admin • Anything you want to include • Quizzes • Assignments • Etc

3. Last Class American Civil War • Causes • Outbreak of war • Union and Confederate strategies • Navies' roles in war • Lessons from war

4. Today Post American Civil War • Revolution in Navy technology

5. 8 Key Themes • Navy as an instrument of foreign policy • Interaction between Congress and Navy • Interservicerelations • Technology • Leadership • Strategy & Tactics • Evolution of US Naval Doctrine • Future missions of Navy and USMC

6. Seapower & Maritime Affairs Post Civil War - WWI

7. How strong is the US Navy? End of Civil War 5 Years Later • 700 Ships • 5000 Guns • 58,000 Sailors • 52 Ship • 500 Guns • 6000 Sailors

8. Reason? Post-war Domestic Issues • “Reconstruction” • economic depression • Federal debt • Political squabbling Result • Internal focus • External Isolationism • Naval Defense loses importance

9. Impact on American Sea Power? US Naval Sea Power Naval Force • US sea power declines • no longer major naval power • #1 (or #2) in world to #12 • Navy underfunded • Ships • R&D • People (Officers/Enlisted) • Training “Dark Ages Navy Stagnates for 15 years

10. Technology Era of experimentation Development of “Modern Warship”

11. Who Leads It? • British French Germans

12. What is different?

13. What is different?

14. Changes to Ships Ship Design Armor Hull material (40 years) • Wood-Iron • Iron • Iron-steel (1872) • Steel (1886) • Nickel-Steel Other features • Gun concentration in center • Compartmentization • Engine efficiency increases • Oil replaces coal • Rams • 24” to 6” (20 years) Turn of 20th Century: Armor ineffective

15. New Ships HMS Dreadnought • All-Big-Gun Battleship • 1905 • Turbine Engines / 21 KIAS • “Dreadnought” v. “Pre-Dreadnought” ** All battleships obsolete Battle Cruisers • As big as battleships • Less armor • Many guns and fast Destroyers • Attack torpedo boats • Torpedo carrier • Screen for capital ships • Anti-submarine • Scouting

16. 1905 HMS Dreadnought “Pre-Dreadnought” or “Dreadnought”

17. Changes to Guns & Munitions Guns Munitions • Breech-loading • Wrought Iron • Steel (1881) • Recoil • Brown powder • Smokeless powder • Armor-piercing shells

18. Torpedoes Torpedoes Torpedo Boats (Destroyers) • Led to need for submarine destroyers • Fish Torpedo (1871) • First effective destroyer

19. Submarine • John Phillip Holland • Irish-American • 1900 – USS Holland • Mechanically-powered • Attacking armored vessels and harbor protection • No counter-weapons

20. Emerging Technology Aircraft 1903 • Wright Brothers Purpose • Torpedo plane • Scout 1910-1912 • Eugene Ely • Glenn Curtis • LT T. G. Ellyson • Naval Flight School

21. Emerging Technology Aircraft • Eugene Ely • Nov. 14, 1910 • Hampton Roads • USS Birmingham

22. Emerging Technology Aircraft • Glen Curtis • Curtis Seaplane

23. Emerging Technology Aircraft • 1910-1912 • LT T. G. Ellyson • Naval Flight School

24. Radio **Invention of greatest immediate consequence • Instantly implemented • Enormous consequence in succeeding wars

25. The “Big Picture” • Accelerating technological advancements • Fast obsolescence • Short life for cutting-edge ships • Competition to stay ahead of others • US Navy was a laggard Was this good or bad?

26. ABCD Ships • 1883 • Reason: Diplomatic impotence • USS Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dolphin • First “All-Steel” ships • Boon for steel industry Why do we care? Congress begins authorizing consistent ship construction.

27. How did tactics change? Tactics more complex but not institutionalized • Battle of Lissa • Spanish-American War • Russo-Japanese War Overall • Less formality (no line) • Distant engagements • Battle Group tactics • Ships • Attacks • Munitions

28. History Wars, conflicts, and interventions Diplomacy

29. Major Events? US Conflicts • Small international conflicts • Pacific & Caribbean • Spanish-American War (1898) Uninvolved International Conflict • Russo-Japanese War (1905)

30. American foreign Policy? • “Open Door Policy” (1899) • Roosevelt Corollary (1904) • Venezuela, Dominican Republic & Cuba • “Speak softly and carry a big stick” Overall foreign policy • Spirit of Imperialism • Awareness of Navy’s role • Economy • National Strength • Foreign Policy

31. Colonialism Pre-1900

32. 1873-1875 Virginius Affair • Cuban Civil War • Virginius was American ship hired by insurrectionists to supply revolution • American & British crew • Spanish capture it • (53) executed for piracy • Enormous international tension • US poised to declare war • Settlement: Reparations for affected families • Sparks Naval Renaissance: we realize there is no weight to our threats

33. 1887-1889 Samoan Crisis • Samoan Civil War • Germany interfering (colonial ambition) • US and Great Britain opposed Germany • Tense standoff • (3) American v. (3) German warships • Before hostilities, a cyclone wrecked all (6) ships. • Standoff ends • Agreed to partition • American Samoa • German Samoa

34. 1891 True Blue Saloon Incident • Chilean Revolution • USS Baltimore sent to protect American interests • 2 killed, 18 wounded at bar in Valparaiso • US demands restitution • Chile pays, but US realizes its Navy is weaker than Chile’s Navy.

35. What do these incidents teach US? • Reinforce “Social Darwinism” • Navy is key to • International diplomacy • National prosperity

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