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BLOOD

BLOOD. Kasmira Geering. Composition Of Blood. The composition of blood is made up of two main components…. The composition of blood is made up of two main components. Plasma. Plasma is made up of extracellular fluid which provides the transport mechanism for the various components of blood

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BLOOD

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  1. BLOOD Kasmira Geering

  2. Composition Of Blood

  3. The composition of blood is made up of two main components… • The composition of blood is made up of two main components.

  4. Plasma • Plasma is made up of extracellular fluid which provides the transport mechanism for the various components of blood • Carbon dioxide, water, salts and lipids are all carried in the blood plasma.

  5. Formed Elements • The second main components of blood refers to the solid material carried in blood: the red blood cells and platelets. • Haemoglobin is found in the red blood cells and carries oxygen (which is needed for respiration/energy in all body cells)

  6. The Products Extracted From Donated Blood&Uses Of The Extracted Parts Of Blood

  7. Using donated blood • Blood can be used whole, as a replacement for lost blood in a patient, or • By extracting particular blood components to treat specific body disorders

  8. Red blood cells. • They are used to increase the amount of oxygen that can be carried to the body’s tissues where patients are suffering from a lack of supply to body cells. • These may be from people whose bone marrow does not make enough blood cells, people who have lost large amounts of blood and people who suffer from anaemia .

  9. Platelets. • They are essential to blood clotting. • They are given to cancer patients with cancer of the blood or lymph who lack these and also to those who are under therapyand do not make enough blood platelets.

  10. Plasma. • Is the liquid portion of the blood that contains blood clotting factors (as well as immunoglobins). • Plasma is used to adjust the osmotic pressure of the blood and to also pull fluids out from the tissues. • It is used to treat people with haemophilia and other clotting disorders.

  11. Immunoglobins. • They are the infection–fighting parts of the blood plasma. • They are used to treat patients who have trouble fighting infections and do not have efficiently functioning immune systems due to diseases such as AIDS.

  12. Cryoprecipitate. • Are used to treat patients with a variety of bleeding disorders. • Concentrations of blood coagulation proteins are added

  13. White blood cells. • Another infection-fighting component of the blood. • They are used to occasionally treat life-threatening infections when the white blood cells are not working properly or when the cell count is very low.

  14. Video about blood

  15. Donated Blood&Separation Of The Composition Of Blood

  16. When obtaining blood from a donor there are two main methods which are used. . . • When obtaining blood from a donor there are two main methods which are used.

  17. Method 1 • The most commonly used method is to extract the blood from a vein as whole blood. • Whole blood from donors is only used if a person has lost more than 20% of their blood volume or in other needed circumstances. • It is given to people who have lost a lot of blood due to injury or surgery.

  18. Method 2 • The other method used in the extraction of blood is called apheresis. • With this process blood is drawn from the donor and then separated into its components using a centrifuge or a filter. • The desired part is then stored and the rest is returned to the donor. • This process is often done with a specially designed machine and is most commonly used to obtain plasma and platelets.

  19. Apheresis Machine

  20. Artificial Blood

  21. There are currently two types of oxygen-carrying blood that have been produced…

  22. Perflurochemicals (PFC) • Perflurochemicals are synthetic materials and are used to reduce the risk of spreading infectious diseases through blood transfusions, particularly for patients with compromised immune systems. • These dissolve about 50 times more oxygen in the blood than blood plasma. • In order to mix in the blood stream, they must combine with other substances, affecting the flow of the artificial blood through the blood stream. • In order to increase the flow through the blood, research has been done mixing PFC with emulsifiers' (fatty components that can suspend tiny particles of PFC in the blood such as lipids and lecithin). • Because they carry less oxygen than products that are haemoglobin-based, more PFC needs to be used for it to be effective. • They are cheap to produce and can be made free from any biological materials.

  23. Graph showing the oxygen content of Haemoglobin in comparison to PFC

  24. Haemoglobin-based products • This artificial blood is made from haemoglobin that has been extracted from red blood cells. • It takes advantage of the natural function of the haemoglobin. • It does not require blood typing and cross-matching of blood because it is not contained in the membrane. This makes it able to be used on all patients. • However because raw haemoglobin cannot be used due to the fact that it breaks down into toxic compounds within the body, the haemoglobin needs to be modified before it is used. • Unlike raw haemoglobin, the modified haemoglobin is stable and soluble in solutions. • In theory, the modifications made to the haemoglobin should mean that the products have a greater ability to carry oxygen than our own red blood cells.

  25. Diagram of Haemoglobin

  26. The Need For Artificial Blood

  27. Is more readily available • Donated blood can only be stored for 3 – 4 weeks and products to replace blood ideally need to be stored for a long time as demand fluctuates widely. • Blood also needs to be instantly available and safe from disease to respond to emergency situations.

  28. Useful when its hard to get sufficient blood from donations • Blood substitutes are useful during disasters, wars, emergencies and especially in countries where there are no blood donor services.

  29. Disasters place large demands on blood supply. At the same time normal administrative procedures are disrupted. • At such times it is hard to store and transport blood let alone to find sufficient donors.

  30. News segment on artificial blood If picture does not show – click the box

  31. Bibliography • Mudie, K & Brotherton, J 2004, Heinemann: Biology,Malcom Parsons, Port Melbourne, Victoria. • Alford, D & Hill, J 2012, HSC Biology, Vivienne Joannou, Glebe, NSW • Keep it simple science: Maintaining a Balance, Port Macquarie, NSW • Humphreys, K 2010, Surfing: Maintaining a Balance, Science Press, Marrickville, NSW • Blood Function and Composition, Virtual Medical Centre, viewed 17 November 2012 <http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/anatomy/blood-function-and-composition/30#C3> • Artificial Blood, How Products Are Made, viewed 18 November 2012 <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Artificial-Blood.html>

  32. Images from: • http://thekylesfiles.com/2012/08/true-blood-recap-everybody-wants-to-save-the-world/ • http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/08/20/2341009.htm • http://www.mwap.co.uk/path_blood_cells.html • http://www.beltina.org/health-dictionary/blood-transfusion-procedure-reaction-side-effects-infections.html • http://ahdc.vet.cornell.edu/clinpath/modules/coags/compprod.htm • http://barbaraeportfolio.blogspot.com.au/2011/08/what-kind-of-cell-i-would-like-to-be.html • http://www.texasheartinstitute.org/HIC/anatomy/blood.cfm • http://kabupatenklaten.com/blood-components-pressure-and-cell-production • http://www.mwap.co.uk/path_blood_cells.html • http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-images-blood-fridge-hospital-image17168154 • http://www.evolutionnews.org/2012/10/gene_duplicatio064971.html • http://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology//retrieve/pii/S0167779998012050?_returnURL=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167779998012050?showall=true • http://www.anemia.org/patients/feature-articles/content.php?contentid=000243 • http://joeinvegas.blogspot.com.au/2008_04_01_archive.html • http://gbgm-umc.org/umcor/emergency/ • http://www.andrewgriffithsblog.com/2586/blood-donors-wanted/

  33. Videos from… • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDsyh1uQO84 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRh_dAzXuoU

  34. Music from… • Pump Your Blood sung by Ansom Williams as the character "Potsie Weber” that he portrayed on Happy Days

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