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Brief History of Chemistry

Brief History of Chemistry. chemical change. The early humans noticed what we call today, a chemical change, the fundamental alteration of the nature and structure of a substance. This was the Neolithic or new stone age with polishing of stone and pottery. . metals.

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Brief History of Chemistry

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  1. Brief History of Chemistry

  2. chemical change • The early humans noticed what we call today, a chemical change, the fundamental alteration of the nature and structure of a substance. • This was the Neolithic or new stone age with polishing of stone and pottery.

  3. metals • By 4000 BCE Europe obtained this culture but by this time in Egypt and Sumeria (Iraq) metals were being used. • First free metals Copper and gold prized for there luster were used. • These were valuable because the metal could be shaped (malleable) and could keep an edge.

  4. Khemeia • In addition to metallurgy Egypt also developed embalming and dying • The Greeks named this learning Khemeia from Khumos, juice of plants

  5. The Greeks developed theories • Thales (640-546 BCE) in Turkey-Idea of an elemental material - water • Anaximenes ( 570 BCE) - air • Heraclitus -Fire • Empedocles (490-530) student of Pythagoras -earth • Aristotle believed all four-Earth, Air, Fire and Water

  6. states of mater • They did not think of these as the substances themselves as we know them but the essence of each, hot ,dry, cold, moist. • They had correctly identified the there states of mater and energy. • earth  solid • water  liquid • air gas • Fire  energy

  7. Atoms • Leucippus (450 BCE) • Democritus (470 - 380) • Atomos - indivisible. This idea fell out of favor but was picked up by Epicurus (342-272 BCE) whose follower Lucretius wrote the didactic poem De Rerum Natura explaining atoms

  8. Alexander 323 BCE conquered Egypt. Under Ptolemy Greek-Egyptian Khemeia took hold. Mixed religion and learning. • Bolos of Mendes 200 BCE conceived of transmutation possibly from observation of brass Cu + Zn  shiny gold like. • Khemeia declined under the Romans who had no use for this mixture of mysticism and craft

  9. The Arabs • 500 years of Arab dominated learning 650 - 1100 CE. Khemeia became Al-Chemia • Geber - Jabin ibn-Hayyan 760-815 Hg + S  gold Xerion (al-Iksir). Made pure acetic acid from vinegar. • Al-Razi known as Rhazes 850-925 plaster of paris • Avicenna from Ibn Sina a persian 979-1037 advocated the treatment of illness with medicine

  10. Europe • Albertus magnus , Albert of Bollstadt 1200-1280 brought Aristotle’s ideas into the realm of chemistry. • Roger Bacon 1214-92 first description of gunpowder and advocated the scientific method. • Second Geber- a Spaniard from ca. 1300 discovered sulfuric acid and nitric acid too.

  11. Age of Discovery • The discovery of the new world not described by the Greeks and improvements in navigation allowed Europeans to doubt the wisdom of the ancients and opened the way to the acceptance of new ideas. • The invention of the printing press in 1436 by Johann Gutenberg made the dissemination of new ideas to larger numbers possible.

  12. Shakespeare's Sonnets by William Shakespeare XLIV If the dull substance of my flesh were thought,Injurious distance should not stop my way;For then despite of space I would be brought,From limits far remote, where thou dost stay.No matter then although my foot did stand Upon the farthest earth remov'd from thee; For nimble thought can jump both sea and land,As soon as think the place where he would be.But, ah! thought kills me that I am not thought,To leap large lengths of miles when thou art gone, But that so much of earth and water wrought,I must attend, time's leisure with my moan; Receiving nought by elements so slow But heavy tears, badges of either's woe.

  13. XLV The other two, slight air, and purging fire Are both with thee, wherever I abide;The first my thought, the other my desire,These present-absent with swift motion slide.For when these quicker elements are gone In tender embassy of love to thee,My life, being made of four, with two alone Sinks down to death, oppress'd with melancholy; Until life's composition be recur'd By those swift messengers return'd from thee,Who even but now come back again, assur'd,Of thy fair health, recounting it to me: This told, I joy; but then no longer glad, I send them back again, and straight grow sad.

  14. The end of Alchemy • Georg Bauer(1494-1555) published De Re Metallica in 1556 under the name Agricola, summarizing what was known of metals and mining.

  15. Paracelsus • Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493-1541) , Paracelsus ,wrote about using Al-chemy for medicine. Gave up turning lead into gold and advocated making medicines from minerals. • Although he believed in the elixir of life and the four elements of Aristotle and thought he had found it he actually had discovered Zinc which when combined with copper makes brass.

  16. Adreas Libau known as Libavius wrote what might be the first chemistry text, Alchemia in 1597 • Made HCl, SnCl4, and (NH4)2SO4, aqua regia • Rudolf Glauber 1604-68 thought he had found the elixir of life when he reacted sulfuric acid with salt and made sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid. He called his new salt sal mirabile and discovered that it was a good laxitive .

  17. air has weight • Jan Baptista Van helmont (1577-1644) proved that air contained an elemental substance from which life comes. Since the Greeks believed the universe was created out of a primordial substance called chaos he named this elemental matter in air gas (chaos spelled phonetically in Flemish)

  18. Sceptical Chymist • Robert Boyle (1627 - 91) studied gases and realized that the idea of atoms could explain gas compression. He got the idea from Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655) who had read Lucretius De Rerum Natura! • He wrote the Sceptical Chymist in 1661.

  19. experimental method • Boyle was unwilling to accept the principles of the ancients solely on reasoning and proposed testing elements to determine if they, in fact, could be decomposed. • An element that passed such a test was provisional. This was a new concept and the beginning of the experimental method.

  20. Modern Elements Discovered • He did not think that the metals were elements and hoped to be able to decompose them. • nine of the modern elements had been identified, Au, Ag, Hg, Fe, Cu, Sn. Pb, S, C, As, Sb, Bi, and Zn. • Boyle managed to isolate one more Phosphorus from urine but the credit goes to Hennig Brand who did it first

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