Removal of Ammonium from Polluted Water by Pine and Modified Pine Cone Powder as Biosorbent

1. Removal of Ammonium from Polluted Water by Pine and Modified Pine Cone Powder as Biosorbent Ahmet Demirak, Mugla University, Department of Chemistry, 48000 Mugla, Turkey

2. Why removal ammonia? • A nutrient, so can promote algae growth

3. Why removal ammonia? Can exert oxygen demand in receiver

4. Why removal ammonia? Free or un-ionized fraction is toxic to aquatic life

5. For those instances, ammonia removal from the polluted waters has ecome necessary in order to maintain proper water quality for the environmental problems

6. What technologies remove ammonia? • Breakpoint Chlorination • Air stripping • Adsorption- Ion exchange • Biological methods • chemical precipitation, • membrane filtration, • reverse osmosis Adsorption is one of the most popular methods and is currently considered as an effective, efficient, and economic method for water purification

7. Several authors have reported the adsorption of ammonia from polluted waters • activated carbon, • zeolite, • clay, • limestone, • waste paper, • cement, • fly ash • sepiolite Agricultural waste materials, being economic and ecofriendly due to their unique chemical composition could be considered as a promising material for the removal of ammonium

8. There is a main aim this paper Toinvestigate that ammonium biosorption on agricultural waste materials such as Pine Coneis of great significance for understanding its transference in the environment and its effect on terrestrial ecological system. For these reasons, the effects of some parameters on the biosorption capacity were investigated on Pine Cone Powder;

10. Materials and methods Pine tree cones were obtained from a plantation in Muğla (Turkey). Pine tree cones were collected September 2010 The cones were washed to remove impurity such as sand and leaves, the washed cones were then dried at 90 ◦C for 48h in an oven. The scales on the cones were then removed and blended in a food processing blender. The resultant powder was sieved. It was then passed through a 48-mesh size screen before use. Preparation of synthetic sample- Batch sorption experiments Effect of solution pH Effect of biosorbent dose- Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy- Scanning electron microscope X-Ray diffraction (XRD) technique Surface modification with NaOH solution The samples were marked PCP 0.05, PCP 0.10 and while the raw sample was marked PCP.

11. Ammonium Determined Measurements of pH were made using a pH meter (WTW). A calibrated electrode was immersed in the testing liquid to be tested, and was measured very accurately. The concentrations of ammonium were determined colorimetrically by phenat method (640 nm) according to the Standard Methods.

12. FTIR spectra of (a) PCP and (b) PCP0.1 Comparing the FTIR spectra’s of the raw pine cone and NaOH modified pine cone powder sample, it was observed that though the spectra’s are similar but some difference can be seen in the intensity of the broad band at 3327.7cm−1, the peak at 2919.79 and 1607.02cm−1. (Thermo Scientific Nicolet IS10

13. PCP PCP0.1 Scanning electron microscopy was performed on JSM-7600 F FEG instrument. The accelerating voltage was 1000 V. (SEM and EDS)

14. PCP The structure of the samples were examined by a powder X-ray diffraction Rigaku with Cu Kalfa radiation ( = 1.5418 Å) at room temperature. PCP0.1

15. Мodel of ion exchange in the structure of Pine Cone Powder

16. The effect of pH on the sorption capacity of ammonium onto dried pine and pine cone powder and NaOH treated pine cone powder Aammoniumconcentration: 50 mg/I, Temperature: 220.5°C, Agitation rate:125 rpm

18. .Effect of dose on ammonia removal by raw pine cone powder and NaOH modified pine cone powder (initial solution pH 8, temperature: 220.5°C).

19. Sorption equilibration time of ammonium onto raw pine cone powder and NaOH modified pine cone powder (biomass concentration 10 g/I, initial solution pH 8, temperature: 220.5°C). The rates of sorption were very fast, during the first ~15 min

20. In this study, to investigate the mechanism of adsorption, three kinetic models were used to fit the experimental data, namely, irreversible first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. The best-fit model was selected based on both linear regressioncorrelation coefficient (R2) and the calculated qe values

21. The equilibrium capacity values for the pseudo-second order model were higher than for the pseudo-first order and the modified pseudo-first order kinetic models. • The equilibrium capacities were higher for PCP 0.1 than for PCP 0.05 and least for PCP Raw. • The pseudo-second order rate constant, k2, were found to increase with NaOH pretreatment and with NaOH concentration. • The values of k2 were much higher for the PCP 0.05 and PCP0.1 than for the PCP raw. • Thus, these results suggest that the pseudo-second-order model, based on the assumption that the rate limiting step might be chemical biosorption involving valency forces through sharing or exchange of electrons between sorbent and sorbate, and provides the best correlation of the data

22. Langmuir model was the most suitable for describing the biosorption equilibrium of ammonium onto pinecone powder. This result indicates the formation of monolayer coverage of ammonium molecules at the outer surface of the sorbent. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qm)determined from the Langmuir isotherm was calculated to be 6,150 mg/g for CPC0.1. This relatively high adsorption capacity shows the strong electrostatic force of attraction between the ammonium molecules and the biosorbent bending- sites.

24. FTIR spectra of PCP (a) before and (b) after biosorption of ammonium.

25. FTIR spectra of (a) PCP and (b) PCP0.1 . FTIR spectra of PCP0.1 (a) before and (b) after biosorption of ammonium

26. PCP PCP0.1 PCP After biosorption of ammonium

27. PCP PCP0.1 PCP 0.1 After biosorption of ammonium

28. PCP

30. Conclusions • 1.It was found that the biosorption capacity was optimal using 6–10 solution pH range and the rate of sorption was very fast, during the first 15 min . • 2.Biosortion can be described by a pseudo-second-order model predicting a chemisorption process. • 3. The equilibrium data were well characterized by the Langmuir isotherm model, which confirmed the mono-layer coverage. • 4. The main mechanism involved in the removal ammonium might be ionic exchange and complexation and the results showed that pine cone surface was modified by sodium hydroxide treatment, carboxylic and phenolic functional groups were mostly affected. • 5.The use of pinecone powder presents an interesting option for both tertiary wastewater treatment

31. We need to found new materials which economic and ecofriendly for wastewater treatment . • So we will have to study on this subject

32. Intime and with water, everything changes.Leonardo da Vinci Thank you

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