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This section delves into the origins of Judaism, highlighting the Israelites' belief in one all-powerful God and their sacred texts, including the Torah. It explores their history from Abraham's migration to Canaan, the establishment of the Kingdom of Israel, and the significant roles played by key figures such as Moses, David, and Solomon. The text further discusses the importance of laws in Israelite society, the patriarchal structure, and the enduring impact of Judaism, especially during the Babylonian exile and the subsequent diaspora. Judaism's influence on Christianity and Islam is also examined.
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World History Chapter 2 Section 5 Roots of Judaism
Israelites • Monotheistic – belief in one god • Hebrew – ancient Israelites • God = all knowing, all powerful, present everywhere • Torah – sacred text – record of events and laws • First five books of the bible – Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy • Hebrew Bible included 24 books
Ancient Israelites • Abraham – lived in Ur in Mesopotamia • Migrated to Canaan with family • Father of the Israelite people • Covenant – binding agreement • Believed God made covenant with Abraham / Jewish people
Two declarations: • 1)God declared special relationships with Abraham and his descendents • 2) Declared Canaan would belong to Israelites • Israelites migrated to Egypt and were enslaved • Moses – renewed God’s covenant with Israelites • Moses led them out of slavery – 40 yrs. In the wilderness – Moses died before they made it
Kingdom of Israel • 1000 B.C. – Established Kingdom of Israel • Twelve separate tribes – fought • Joined by David – second king of Israel • Solomon – (David’s son) – turned Jerusalem into an impressive capital - wise
Division and Conquest • Solomon’s projects cost money – taxed people • Led to revolt – split up Israel • Israel in North – Judah in South • Israel captured by the Assyrians and Judah captured by Babylonian’s • Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Solomon’s Great temple, forced Israelites into exile in Babylon for 50 years
Persian Ruler Cyrus the Great – captured Babylon and freed the Israelites • Had come from the Kingdom of Judah – became known as the Jews • Rebuilt Solomon’s Great Temple – smaller version and remained under Persian rule
Law and Morality • Law is a central concept of Israelites • Torah had many laws – called books of law • Dealt with everyday matters – cleanliness and food preparation, also criminal behavior
Israelite Society • Patriarchal – men held greatest legal and moral authority • Oldest male was the head of household – arranged marriages for daughters • Women – few rights • Deborah – judge – won honor
Ten Commandments • Set of laws given to them from God through Moses • Keeping the Sabbath – holy day • Honoring parents, no killing, no stealing • Prophets – spiritual leaders that interpret God’s will – warned that failure would lead to disaster • Ethics – moral standards of behavior – taught by prophets
All people equal before God • Ruler was not seen as a God – leaders were human and had to obey God’s laws • After Babylonian captivity – 500 years period – left homeland and moved to different parts of the world • Called Diaspora – spreading out of Jews
Settled in close-knit communities in which they followed and obeyed laws and traditions • Helped them survive/endure centuries of persecution – unfair treatment • Today Judaism = Major Religion – influenced Christianity and Islam • All honor Abraham, Moses, prophets
