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Taxonomy

Taxonomy. Naming and grouping organisms based on characteristics and evolutionary history. Linnaeus’s System. 1750’s – Based on Form and Structure Binomial Nomenclature 2 Part Name 1: Genus 2: Species identifier Capitalize the first part All underlined or italicized.

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Taxonomy

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  1. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms based on characteristics and evolutionary history

  2. Linnaeus’s System • 1750’s – Based on Form and Structure Binomial Nomenclature • 2 Part Name • 1: Genus • 2: Species identifier • Capitalize the first part • All underlined or italicized

  3. Modern Classification • Systematics: Classification based on phylogeny • Phylogeny: Evolutionary history of the organisms • Phylogenetic Tree: Shows evolutionary relationship between groups of organisms • Characteristics used: • Fossil Record • Morphology (homologous structures) • Embryological Development • Chromosomes & Macromolecules

  4. Cladograms • A tree made using the principles of cladistics • Group organisms by shared derived characters – feature only evolved within that grouping

  5. Domains • Bacteria (Eubacteria) • Archaea (Archaebacteria) • Eukarya (Eukaryotes) Woese based it on ribosomal RNA

  6. Kingdoms • SIX: • Archaebacteria • Eubacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

  7. Archaebacteria

  8. Eubacteria

  9. Fungi

  10. Protists

  11. Plants

  12. Animals

  13. Prokaryote • Autotroph or heterotroph • Lives in harsh environments • volcanic hot springs • some can only survive in environments without oxygen • Cell walls have no peptidoglycan • Cell membranes have unique lipids not found in any other organism • Single cellular • More similar to Eukaryotes Archaebacteria

  14. Methanogens, halophiles Archaebacteria

  15. Prokaryotic • Heterotroph or Autotroph • All over • some found in soil • others deadly parasites • Some need oxygen, others are poisoned by oxygen • Cell walls contain peptidoglycan • Single Cellular • Three shapes! Rods, spirals and spheres Strep throat and E Coli Eubacteria

  16. Eubacteria

  17. Eukaryotic • Autotrophs or Heterotrophs • Animal Like: Heterotrophs • Fungi Like: Absorb nutrients outside of their bodies • Plant Like: Photosynthesis • Survive in moist environments • Many have varied ways of locomotion • Very Varied! • Cell walls made of cellulose • Most unicellular but some multicellular • Amoebas, slime molds, paramecium, giant kelp, algae Protists

  18. Protists

  19. Eukaryotic Heterotrophs- Absorb nutrients outside of body Cell Walls made of chitin Most mutlicellular but some unicellular Found on decaying material (decomposers) or on living material (parasitic) Common molds, Sac Fungi, Club Fungi, Imperfect Fungi Fungi

  20. Fungi

  21. Eukaryotic Autotrophic Found in water and on land Cell walls made of cellulose and contain chloroplasts Multicellular Mosses, Ferns, Cones and Flowers Plants

  22. Plants

  23. Eukaryotic Heterotrophs Found all over No cell walls and no chloroplasts Most can move for at least a part of their life cycle Multicellular Vertebrates and invertebrates Sponges, worms, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals Animals

  24. Animal

  25. Dichotomous Key • Way to determine the specific names of unknown organisms • Two part steps (di- means two)

  26. Dichotomous Key 1. a. Has pointed ears .................................... go to 3 1. b. Has rounded ears ....................................go to 2 2. a. Has no tail ............................................. Kentuckyus 2. b. Has tail .................................................. Dakotus 3. a. Ears point upward .................................... go to 5 3. b. Ears point downward ..............go to 4 4. a. Engages in waving behavior ............................. Dallus 4. b. Has hairy tufts on ears ..........................................Californius 5. a. Engages in waving behavior ............................. WalaWala 5. b. Does not engage in waving behavior ....................go to 6 6. a. Has hair on head ............................................. Beverlus 6. b. Has no hair on head (may have ear tufts) .......go to 7 7. a. Has a tail ............................................. Yorkio 7. b. Has no tail, aggressive ............................ Rajus E X A M P L E !

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