1. The Authoritarian & Totalitarian States: Russia & Spain Unit 14: Anxiety & Interwar Years AP European History Ms. Tully - UHS

2. A. The Soviet Union • “War Communism” – nationalization of business & industry • Early 1920s  industrial and agricultural collapse

3. B. New Economic Policy (NEP) • Modified capitalism • 1922  Creation of USSR • Agriculture revived; industry remained stagnant • NEP saved SU from collapse • Increased # of bureaucrats  new elite

4. C. Struggle for Power • Lenin died Jan. 21, 1924 • Struggle for power among Politburo • The Left – Leon Trotsky • The Right – Joseph Stalin • Trotsky vs. Stalin! • Stalin used power as secretary to gain control; expel Trotsky in 1927 • By 1929 – eliminated Old Bolsheviks, est. dictatorship

5. D. The Stalinist Era (1929-1939) • First Five Year Plan • Enormous social & political costs • Propaganda emphasized need to sacrifice for state • Rapid collectivization of agriculture • Threat of starvation encouraged compliance

6. 6. Strengthened party bureaucracy 7. Purge of dissenters 8. Marginalization of women to wife/mother 9. Encouraged education, est. more part-time schools

7. E. Authoritarianism in Eastern Europe • Authoritarian State: limit participation of masses, content with passive obedience • Parliamentary gov’ts gave way to authoritarian regimes • Traditional conservatives feared ethnic conflict, communism • Bulgaria, Poland, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Romania, Greece • Czechoslovakia remained a political democracy

8. F. Dictatorship in Iberian Peninsula • Spain’s parliamentary monarchy weak after WWI • General Miguel Primo de Rivera led military coup Sept. 1923 – dictatorship until 1930 • New republic 1931 ; Popular Front 1936  antifascist coalition • General Francisco Franco led military revolt  civil war

9. G. The Spanish Civil War • Split country between left & right • Left  Republicans/supporters of Popular Front, urban areas • Right  Nationalists & military • Foreign intervention  GR & ITLY supported Franco

10. 5. Attack on Guernica, April 26, 1937  new level of destruction 6. SU & US assisted Republicans 7. Franco captured Madrid March 28, 1939 8. Franco Dictatorship 1939-1975 – traditional authoritarian conservatism