Are emotions universal or contingent?

1. Are emotions universal or contingent?

2. Como vai? How are your? Comment allez-vous ?

4. Are there cultural differences on the MSCEIT scores across French (individualists) and Pakistani (collectivists)?Study conducted by Karim Jahanvasch (2009) • Cultural differences: Gert Hofstede • Emotions • The MSCEIT Test • Results of the research

5. InterculturalDifferences Culture's Consequences, Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations. Geert Hofstede, 2001 Collectivism vs. Individualism Small vs. Large Power Distance Weak vs. Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Femininity vs. Masculinity Long term orientation vs Short

7. Brazil Vs France

8. Brazil Vs Denmark

9. Emotions Emotions are our feelings. Literally. • We feel them in our bodies as tingles, hot spots and muscular tension. Our muscles tense or relax. Our blood vessels dilate or contract. When we feel emotionally, we also feel physically. • Our emotions can thus make us feel uncomfortable or comfortable, sending us signals to do something urgently or to stay in our comfortable state. Véronique.moncada@iae-aix.com

10. Emotions • Emotions of wanting: greed, hope, envy, desire, love • Emotions of not wanting: fear, shame, repulsion, contentment • Emotions of having: happiness, pride, guilt, jealousy • Emotions of not having: anger, sadness, distress • Other emotions: surprise Véronique.moncada@iae-aix.com

11. Emotions • Our emotions are perhaps the greatest potential source of uniting all members of the human species. • Emotions, on the one hand, are universal • But, on the other hand, their EXPRESSION is cultural Beliefs divide us. Emotions unite us Véronique.moncada@iae-aix.com

12. Emotions • Emotions are our most reliable indicators of how things are going on in our lives • We cannot change our emotions. We cannot control them. • But we can manage them. • Manage your emotions, or your emotions will manage you. Véronique.moncada@iae-aix.com

13. Emotions In any interpersonal relationship emotions and feelings do play a big role. Often we are not very conscious of these feelings and in intercultural encounters interpreting different feelings and emotions becomes even more challenging. We need to develop our Emotional Intelligence (EI) Véronique.moncada@iae-aix.com

14. MSCEIT Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test John (Jack) D. Mayer Peter Salovey David R. Caruso

15. MSCEIT • Perceiving Emotions - the ability to recognize how you and those around you are feeling • Using Emotions - the ability to generate emotion, and then use this emotion in tasks (creativity, conflicts…) • Understanding Emotions - the ability to understand complex emotions and emotional "chains", how emotions transition from one stage to another • Managing Emotions - the ability which allows you to manage emotions in your self and in others, to develop interlligent strategies to achieve outcomes.. Véronique.moncada@iae-aix.com

16. MSCEIT • Measure of one’s emotional ability = one’s capacity to reason with emotional content and to use the emotional content to enhance thought.

17. MSCEIT • Factors1 - Perceivingemotions • Accuratelyidentifyemotions in people and objects • Faces : identify subtle emotions in faces • Pictures : identify emotions in complex landscapes and designs

18. MSCEIT • Factors2 - Usingemotions • Generate an emotion and solveproblemswiththatemotion • Facilitation : knowledge of how moods impact thinking • Sensations : relate various feeling sensations to emotions

19. MSCEIT • Factors3 - Understandingemotions • Understanding the cause of emotions • Changes : Multiple choice questions about how emotions changes over time • Blends : multiple choice emotion vocabulary definitions

20. MSCEIT • Factors 4 - Managingemotions • Stay open to emotions and blendwiththinking • Emotion Management: indicate effectivness of various solutions to internal problems • Emotional Relations: indicate effectivness of various solutions to problems involving other poeple

21. MSCEIT • Factors • Perceiving emotions • Using emotions • Understanding emotions • Managing emotions Experiential EI • Hierarchy from more basic to more psychologically complex Strategic EI

22. Study Study conducted by Karim Jahanvasch (2009) Emotions at an international level: comparison of MSCEIT results in France and Pakistan

23. Study • Are there cultural differences on the MSCEIT scores across individualistic and collectivistic cultures? • Individualism-collectivism is a major dimension of cultural variable (Hofstede, 1980) • This dimension of culture exists across a wide range of emotion-related abilities that essentially comprise the construct of emotional ability (Matsumoto, 1992; Fernandez et al. 2000; Gross et al. 2003). • Based on this literature, people from individualistic cultures are better in recognizing, understanding, expressing, and regulating their emotions.

24. Study • Collectivistic country: Pakistan (ranks 14) • Sample: 81 students of the University in Balochistan • (29 females) • Individualistic country: France (ranks 71) • Sample: 111 students of the University in Aix-en-Provence • (62 females) • Both samples • Students from management schools • Average age = 29,5 (SD 8,5) • Good command of English

25. Study Results of the study • There are several significant crosscultural differences: • Factorial invariance of MSCEIT accross cultures => MSCEIT across both cultures can be interpreted in the same way (emotional factors are universal, it is their manifestation that differs across cultures) • French (individualistic culture) performed better that their Pakistani (collectivistic culture) counterparts in the four dimensions of the emotional ability measured by MSCEIT • Independent sample t tests on MSCEIT dimensions : perceiving emotions (t=2,39, p<0,05, Cohen’s d=0,35) using emotions (t=2,06, p<0,05, Cohen’s d=0,30), understanding emotions (t=6,24, p<0,001, Cohen’s d=0,92), and managing emotions (t=5,05, p<0,001, Cohen’s d=0,75)

26. Study Limitations of the study • Sample limitations: • The sample at a single university may not reflect the culture of a heterogeneous nation • Students may experience different levels of emotional ability from a general working adult population (Day et al. 2005).

27. Avez-vous des questions ? • Any question? • Alguma pergunta?