Introduction Recovery Algorithm Mathematical Model Performance Testing Conclusion

1. A Frequency Domain Technique for Correction of Audio Distortion Caused by Variable Recording Speed:AuthorsRobert HembreeHenry SkibaAlex SmithAdvisorDr. Marcus Pendergrass

2. Outline • Introduction • Recovery Algorithm • Mathematical Model • Performance Testing • Conclusion

3. Introduction • Wow and Flutter Distortion • Audio distortion caused by variations in the speed at which data was recorded • Wow refers to low frequency variations in the recording speed • Flutter refers to high frequency variations in the recording speed • We will use the term “wobble” to refer to either wow or flutter distortion

4. Introduction Input signal Signal to be recorded Position of record head at time t Position function for record head (record function) The recording Data value recorded at position p Record Head Recording

5. Introduction Because and the record function Ψr is assumed invertible, we have or Record Head Recording

6. Introduction Position function for playback head (playback function) Position of playback head at time t Played-back signal Signal played back from the recording Because we have Combining this with our previous expression for r gives

7. Introduction Reciprocity Theorem for all s if and only if for all s if and only if proof So a mismatch between Ψr and Ψpb causes distortion:

8. Introduction • The wobble w(p)at position p in the recording is defined as the timing error at position p during the record process • The timing error is the difference between the actual time that the record head was at position p, and the nominal time it would have been at position p had the record function been ideal (i.e. equal to playback function). = actual time during record process when the record head was at position p = nominal time the record head would have been at position phad the record function been ideal So w(p) is the timing error at position p

9. Introduction • Knowing the wobble function w(p)would enable us to correct for distortion caused by a mismatch between Ψr and Ψpb . Nominal time - incorrect 0.8156 Original recording p

10. Introduction • Knowing the wobble function w(p)would enable us to correct for distortion caused by a mismatch between Ψr and Ψpb . actual time 0.8156 Original recording p

11. Introduction • Knowing the wobble function w(p)would enable us to correct for distortion caused by a mismatch between Ψr and Ψpb . actual time 0.8156 0.7942 Original recording p p Resample Ready for Ψpb Corrected recording

12. Introduction Basic Assumptions • The playback function is ideal, constant velocity: • The record function is unknown, but invertible. • The record and playback functions are continuous and differentiable. • The recording contains an isolated sinusoid of known frequency. This will be used as a reference by the recovery algorithm.

13. Wobble-Induced Distortion in the Frequency Domain Wobble f f

14. Wobble Recovery Algorithm • To correct wobble distortion, we need information about the wobble • We might know something about the original signal that was recorded. • We will focus on the case when the recording contains a sine wave of known frequency

15. Wobble Recovery Algorithm • We can use that information, along with the distorted recording, to deduce the wobble function. • This wobble function can be used to resample the corrupt file in order to recover the original file

16. Correcting for Wobble in a Sinusoid Baseband Shift f f

17. Correcting for Wobble in a Sinusoid Inverse FT f

18. Wobble-Induced Distortion in the Frequency Domain Wobble f f

19. Wobble Recovery Algorithm BandPass Filter f f

20. Wobble Recovery Algorithm Inverse Fourier Transform Shift Baseband f 0

21. Wobble Recovery Algorithm p w(p)+ϑ Complex ln (timing error) t q is a phase shift in the model, which only introduces a delay Interpolate

22. Modeling the Wobble • In order to test our recovery algorithm, we need a variety of distorted recordings to work with. • A model for the record function Ψr was developed. • Model encompasses a variety of distortion scenarios • Weak to strong distortion • Slowly-varying to quickly-varying distortion

23. Modeling the Wobble • Begin by modeling the velocity function of the record head. • Without loss of generality the average velocity is 1. • User specifies • standard deviation of the velocity fluctuations • maximum frequency of the velocity fluctuations in time.

24. Modeling the Wobble • Velocity is modeled as • n(t) is a band-limited Gaussian noise process • lognormal velocity process • maximum frequency in n(t) is fmax (user specified) • a and b are chosen so that user specified

25. Simulated Wobble Example

26. Simulated Wobble Example

27. Simulated Wobble Example

28. Performance Testing How well does the Algorithm actually work? Henry Skiba Introduces White Gaussian noise to the recording at varying power Robert Hembree Steps a structured interferer through a sine wave

29. Conclusion • Developed wobble recovery algorithm -Uses a reference sinusoid to recover wobble, and then resample the recording • Performance Tests were performed on the algorithm • Random Noise 10^-2 relative error at 10 dB SNR - Structured Interferer 10^-3 relative error at 10dB SNR Interpolation raises the noise floor