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Learning objectives: Emotion

Learning objectives: Emotion. Define and describe the function of emotion and its impact on our interactions with others Describe how the central nervous system’s role in our emotional response Describe the behaviours associated with expressing emotions, such as facial expressions

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Learning objectives: Emotion

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  1. Learning objectives: Emotion • Define and describe the function of emotion and its impact on our interactions with others • Describe how the central nervous system’s role in our emotional response • Describe the behaviours associated with expressing emotions, such as facial expressions • Describe how expressions and interpretations of emotions differ across cultures • Describe how we label and measure emotions in psychology

  2. Learning objectives: Emotion • Describe and identify examples of the… • Common Sense theory • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Cognitive Arousal theory (Schachter-Singer) • Facial feedback hypothesis

  3. Emotion • Emotion: the “feeling” aspect of consciousness, characterized by physiological arousal, behaviour, and awareness of feelings • Emotion is related to the following concepts… • Feeling: the subjective experience associated with an emotion. • Mood: an emotional state that is general and extended in time. • Affect: the current perceived expression of emotion (e.g., positive or negative affect).

  4. What is the function of emotion? Emotion is involved with: • Our level of arousal • Perception and attention • Learning and memory • Organization and motivation of behaviour • Our relationships with other people

  5. A brief tour through the nervous system…

  6. Central nervous system: Brain & spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system: Transmits information to and from central nervous system

  7. Limbic system & emotion Several subcortical structures are important in emotion…

  8. Peripheral nervous system • Autonomic nervous system: Automatically regulates glands, internal organs, and blood vessels, pupil dilation, digestion, and blood pressure • Somatic nervous system: Carries sensory information and controls movement of the skeletal muscles

  9. Autonomic nervous system Maintains body function under normal conditions; saves energy Prepares body to react and expend energy in times of stress

  10. Physiology of emotion Emotions lead to an arousal response of the sympathetic nervous system http://itc.gsw.edu/faculty/gfisk/anim/autonomicns.swf

  11. Physiology of emotion • However: emotions are hard to distinguish from each other on the basis of physiological response alone • Can be distinguished in the lab, but in real life can lead to misunderstandings

  12. Behaviour of emotion • Facial expressions, body movements, and actions all communicate how someone feels • Our ability to interpret these cues develops across the lifespan • Children are less adept than adults at identifying both positive and negative emotions • Older adults are less able to identify negative emotions than younger adults

  13. Can you name the emotions these people are expressing?

  14. Facial expressions • Many theorists currently agree on six universal facial expressions of emotion: • Anger • Fear • Disgust • Surprise • Happiness • Sadness

  15. How do you think Serena Williams feels in this picture?

  16. Now how do you think Serena Williams feels in this picture? Context matters when interpreting emotions!

  17. The role of context in emotion • Context can be… • The body language of the person • The environment where the person is Different cultures use environmental context differently

  18. Culture and expressions of emotion • Facial expressions of emotions are the same across culture • However, the rules about when to express them may be different (display rules) • People from Russia, Japan, and South Korea make the least facial expressions in public • Americans make the most facial expressions in public

  19. Culture and expressions of emotion • Different cultures have different rules about when and how it is socially acceptable to express emotion in public • For example, in Canada: • It is generally not okay to cry in public • It is generally not okay to yell at someone one in public • We express grief less openly than in other cultures

  20. Examples of emotion display rules There are specific cultures at work, too: • A person in the medical field or helping professions shouldn’t laugh at a patient’s problem • People who work in customer service have to appear happy and calm at all times • Laughing at a situation is okay in some situations (with friends), and not in others (at your boss). • Crying at work is not okay.

  21. Labeling emotions • Labeling the feeling: anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, shame, interest… is the “cognitive component” • Labels are influenced by language and culture

  22. Measuring the subjective experience of emotion • Ways of measuring emotions: • Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) • Faces scale • Compared your experience with the two scales. • Which is easier? • Which would be more sensitive to subtle differences in emotional state?

  23. Theories of emotion • Common Sense theory • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Cognitive Arousal theory (Schachter-Singer) • Facial feedback hypothesis

  24. Common Sense theory • Stimulus leads to emotion • Emotion leads to bodily arousal FEAR! Conscious Emotion Stimulus Physiological response “I’m shaking because I’m afraid”

  25. James-Lange theory • Stimulus produces physiological reaction • Reaction produces bodily feelings • Physical arousal leads to labeling the emotion FEAR! Stimulus Conscious emotion Physiological response

  26. James-Lange theory “I am afraid because my heart is beating fast” “I am embarrassed because my face is hot” “I am nervous because my stomach is upset” FEAR! Stimulus Conscious emotion Physiological response

  27. Cannon-Bard theory • Emotion and physiological arousal happen more or less at the same time • Physical changes associated with different emotions are not distinct enough to allow us to perceive them as being different • The brain sends information simultaneously to the cortex and the sympathetic nervous system

  28. Cannon-Bard theory Physiological response FEAR! Limbic system Stimulus “I’m shaking and feeling afraid at the same time” Conscious emotion

  29. Cognitive arousal theory • Schachter & Singer: Two things have to happen before emotion occurs: • Physical arousal • Labeling of arousal based on cues from environment “This dog is dangerous and that makes me feel afraid”

  30. Cognitive arousal theory FEAR! Cognitive appraisal Conscious fear Stimulus Physiological response

  31. Facial feedback hypothesis • Facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning emotion being expressed • Emotion then intensifies or actually causes the emotion http://online.wsj.com/video/is-it-true-smiling-improves-your-mood/004EE9A3-D6AA-4DF2-8906-7BD660082075.html • However, people with facial paralysis still experience emotion in the same way as people without

  32. How do emotions impact social interaction? • Our mood has an impact on how we perceive other people (and situations) • Our mood also has an impact on how people perceive us

  33. Next week… • Reading break! • We will have a quiz on today’s material when you come back from the break

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