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Define the following terms…. Extraterritorial Rights Open Door Policy Sphere of influence Taiping Rebellion Also who is… Mathew Perry – Sailed four ships into Tokyo Harbor in order to intimidate Japan into opening its doors to free trade with America.
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Define the following terms… • Extraterritorial Rights • Open Door Policy • Sphere of influence • Taiping Rebellion • Also who is… • Mathew Perry – Sailed four ships into Tokyo Harbor in order to intimidate Japan into opening its doors to free trade with America. • Sun Yat-Sen- Led the Revolution of 1911 • General Yuan Shigai – Took power in China after the Revolution of 1911. Dissolved parliament and forced Sun Yat-Sen to flee to Japan.
CHAPTER 23 REVIEW BOOK EAST ASIA UNDER CHALLENGE
SECTION 1 THE DECLINE OF THE QING DYNASTY
Causes of Decline • Reasons for the decline of the Qing Dynasty • Intense pressure from the modern West • Corruption • Peasant unrest • A growing population facing food shortages
The Opium Wars • Facing unfavorable trade arrangements with China the British began illegally importing opium into the country. • When the British refused to stop the Chinese blockaded the port of Guangzhou. • The British responded with force starting the first Opium War (1839-1842)
The Opium Wars • The Chinese lost the war and in the Treaty of Nanjing they were forced to open five ports to the British, eliminate import taxes, pay for the war, and give the British the island of Hong Kong. • After the Second Opium War the Chinese were forced to open more ports and offer trading concessions to other European nations.
The Tai Ping Rebellion • The Tai Ping Rebellion (1850-1864) was a peasant revolt that became a civil war. • The peasants wanted land to be shared and women to be treated as equals to men. • The peasants seized Nanjing and massacred 25,000 people. • Eventually European nations helped the Qing dynasty stop the rebellion.
Efforts at Reform • Some Chinese officials called for reforms to embrace Western technology while leaving elements of Chinese culture such as Confucianism alone. • Railroads, weapon factories, and shipyards were built and the military was also modernized.
The Advance of Imperialism • By negotiating with local warlords many European nations were able to set up spheres of influence where they had exclusive trading rights within China. • At the same time Russia and Japan captured Chinese territory, and Tibet separated itself from China. • Empress Ci Xi was unwilling to make reforms and was overthrown as a result.
Opening the Door to China • In 1899 U.S. Secretary of State John Hay proposed an Open Door Policy in China which gave all nations equal trading rights in China and reduced some of the tension between competing nations.
The Boxer Rebellion • A group known as the Boxers was unhappy with Western influence in China. • They began killing missionaries and businessmen who they wanted out of their country in what was called the Boxer Rebellion. • A Western allied army attacked and restored order.
SECTION 2 REVOLUTION IN CHINA
The Fall of the Qing • Towards the end of her reign Empress Ci Xi did begin to embrace reforms in education, administration, and the legal system however it was too little too late.
The Rise of Sun Yat-sen • Sun Yat-sendid not believe China was ready for full democracy so he proposed reform in stages. • He created a Revolutionary Alliance that promoted nationalism and democracy. • His group later became the Nationalist Party.
The Revolution of 1911 • Sun Yat-Sen’s followers launched an uprising in central China in 1911. • General Yuan Shigaitook power. • He did not embrace the ideas of the reformers so he dissolved the new parliament. • The Nationalist then launched a rebellion but it failed and Sun Yat-Sen was forced to flee to Japan.
Chinese Society in Transition • Westerners affected the Chinese economy in three ways… • The introduction of modern means of transportation. • The creation of an export market. • The integration of Chinese markets into the nineteenth-century world economy.
China’s Changing Culture • Traditional ideas in China such as Confucianism suffered as Western books, paintings, music, and ideas were introduced.
SECTION 3 RISE OF MODERN JAPAN
An End to Isolation • In 1853 Commodore Mathew Perry arrived in Tokyo harbor with warships and a letter from the president. • The letter requested the opening of foreign trade relations between the U.S. and Japan. • When Perry returned with an even bigger fleet of warships the Japanese signed the Treaty of Kanagawa which opened two ports for western traders.
Resistance to the New Order • Many people, especially the samurai in Japan opposed the opening of relations with Western powers. • They restored the power of the Emperor and soon after the shogunate system collapsed. • Meiji (enlightened) rule began.
The Meiji Restoration • Meiji reformers set out to create a modern government based on the Western model. • This government spent years studying Western political systems. • A constitution adopted in 1889 gave most of the power to the executive branch which was a ruling oligarchy.
Joining the Imperialist Nations • Japan recognized that Western wealth was in part due to their colonies. • Japan set out to get their own colonies. • They claimed control of the Ryukyu Islands, forced Korea to open its ports to Japan, and gained Taiwan and the Liadong peninsula in the Sino-Japanese War (with China). • Next Japan attacked a Russian naval base at Fort Arthur in Korea defeating the Russians and claiming the territory. • Finally in 1910 Japan Annexed Korea outright.
