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CLEAN AND GREEN FUELS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

CLEAN AND GREEN FUELS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. Narsimha Reddy Kandadi Department of Chemical Engineering Monash University. OUTLINE. General issues related to sustainable energy Environmental and pollution problems with current transportation fuels

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CLEAN AND GREEN FUELS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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  1. CLEAN AND GREEN FUELS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Narsimha Reddy Kandadi Department of Chemical Engineering Monash University

  2. OUTLINE • General issues related to sustainable energy • Environmental and pollution problems with current transportation fuels • Reformulation of transportation fuels • Clean fuel production • GTL Fuels and their advantageous characteristics • Alternative Gaseous and liquid fuels • Synthesis gas/natural gas refinery • Fuel issues for fuel cells • Issues related to Hydrogen Storage • Conclusions

  3. THE DRIVERS TO ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY

  4. VEHICULAR POLLUTION Pollution from Automotive Vehicles are responsible for • ~One-third of all AIR POLLUTION • ~50% of SMOG forming VOCs & NOx • >50% of Hazardous Air Pollutants • 90% of CO found in urban air 20 pounds of CO2 emitted every gallon of gasoline burning by the vehicle Low emissions and good fuel economy are both important for the environment

  5. IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT • WHO Report(1999) on Health costs due to traffic-related pollution in Europe • Every year air pollution from cars causes • 300, 000 extra cases of Bronchitis in Children • 15, 000 Hospital Admissions for Heart Disease • 395, 000 Asthma attacks in Adults and • 162, 000 Asthma attacks in Children in each year • Car pollution kills more people than car accidents • Long-term exposure in adults over 30 years age can cause extra 21,000 premature deaths from Respiratory or Heart diseases

  6. FUELS DECARBONISATION TRENDS

  7. Gasoline Fuel specifications in different countries for 2000 AD

  8. ADVANTAGEOUS OXYGENATES The potential benefits of adding oxygenates to gasoline are • Less CO emissions • Reduced unburned hydrocarbon emissions • Decrease in Ozone content in the lower atmospheres of highly polluted areas • Environment friendly replacement for TEL and aromatics for Octane requirements for good engine performance • FCC volatile olefins with high photochemical reactivity can be converted to ethers which decreases volatility and increases octane content with oxygen

  9. FCC GASOLINE ETHERIFICATION WITH ETHANOL WITH NEW BIFUNCTIONAL CATALYST

  10. VEHICLES WITH NATURAL GAS • ~ 800,000 - 1.000,000 vehicles in the world running on natural gas • Russia • Italy • South America • Australia and • North America • The market position: capable for fuelling vehicles and refuelling stations at an acceptable level of development • The fuel infrastructure may allow the easy transition to hydrogen supply

  11. SYNTHESIS GAS REFINERYClean and Alternative Molecular Fuels

  12. EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE OF GTL(F-T) DIESEL FUELS GTL Fuels are far superior to Petroleum derived Diesel GTL fuel characteristics • Cetane - 75 • Sulphur - ~0 • Aromatics - ~0

  13. HYDROGEN – IDEAL ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY FUEL • Decarbonise the fuel sphere • Can be realized the zero emission transportation • Can be used in both conventional ICE and Fuel Cells with water as effluent • Unique combustion characteristics lean burning with air without NOx –SMOG precursor • Avoids the global climate changes as it can’t produce CO2 • No particulates and unburnt Hydrocarbons

  14. DME AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL • Stationary Applications • Power Plants • Diesel Gensets • Ceramic and Glass Industry • Transportation • Diesel Engines • CNG • Fuel for Fuel Cells

  15. DME ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES PURE DME DOES NOT POSE ANY ENVIORNMENTAL ISSUE DUE TO • PHYSICALLY LIKE LPG. LPG INDUSTRY HAS AN OUTSTANDING SAFETY RECORD • 150 000 T/A OF DME USE AS AN AEROSOL PROPELLANT IS BECAUSE OF ITS ENVIORNMENTALLY BEGING CHARACTERSTICS I.e. • NOT HARMFUL TO OZONE LAYER • READILY DEGRADES IN THE TROPOSPHERE TO CO2 AND H2O • NON TOXIC • NON CARCINOGENIC • NON TETRAGEN • NON TERATOGEN • NON MUTAGEN • NON CORROSIVE • DISPLAYS A VISIBLE FLAME OVERWIDE RANGE OF AIR FUEL RATIO • HEAVIER THAN AIR HENCE NEEDS SAME HANDLING AND SAFETY CARE AS PROPANE AND LPG

  16. HOW EFFICIENT IS OUR CURRENT VEHICLE ?

  17. ADVANTAGES OF FUEL CELLS OVER OTHER POWER SOURCES • Environmentally friendly • High power density • High energy conversion efficiency • Operation at low temperatures and pressures • Zero to very low emissions dependent on fuel • Site flexibility • Fuel flexibility • Quiet operation • Cogeneration capability • Responsiveness to load variations SUITABLE FOR MULTIPLE APPLICATIONS, INCLUDING AUTOMOTIVE

  18. AUTOMOTIVE FUEL CELL DRIVERS • Kyoto agreement requires CO2 reduction • Europe will reduce car CO2 emissions • Aggressive fuel/CO2 taxes • California Zero Emission Vehicle by 2003 Public policy will help build a market for Fuel Cell Vehicles

  19. COMPARISON OF EFFICIENCY AUTOMOBILE POWER SYSTEMS

  20. HYDROGEN ECONOMY CONCEPTUAL APPROACH

  21. FUELS ISSUES FOR FUEL CELLS IN TRANSPORTATION SECTOR

  22. PROJECTED FC VEHICLE PERFORMANCE: LIGHT WEIGHT HYBRID VEHICLE

  23. FUELS AND PROCESSING STEPS IN FUEL PROCESSOR FOR FUEL CELLS Natural Gas Gasoline Alcohol + O2 + H2O H2 FUEL PROCESSOR Fuel cell Power Syngas generation Fuel evaporation Water-gas shift CO clean-up 60 - 200°C R-OH (l)  R-OH (g) HC (l)  HC (g) Preferential Oxidation Membranes ambient - 70°C CO + O2 CO2 Partial Oxidation Steam Reforming Autothermal Reforming 750 - 1000°C HC + H2O + O2 CO, H2, CO2, H2O High Temperature Medium Temperature Low Temperature 200 - 550°C CO + H2O  CO2 + H2

  24. FUELS FOR FUEL CELL POWERED VEHICLES[Fuel Report by California Energy commission, July’99]

  25. PROMISING FUEL PROPERTIES OF METHANOL FOR PEM FUEL CELLS • Liquid having high energy density at ambient temperature and pressure, • High energy storage capacity • Simple molecule • Sulfur free • Fairly easy to reform into hydrogen rich gas – lower reforming temperature • High hydrogen to CO2 ratio in comparison with other processing options • Low carbon monoxide yield(CO)

  26. MONASH’S FUEL PROCESSOR AND FUEL CELL SYSTEMS The fuel processor with C1 Fuels and H2 storage for both PEMFC & AFC with major Australian Fuels-syngas, NG. LPG etc. • COMPACT FUEL REFORMER WITHOUT THE CO CLEANUP STEP • MeOH/DME/Methyl formate reforming • CARBON DIOXIDE FREE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION • Catalytic Decomposition of NG & LPG CH4 = C + 2H2DH = + 75.6Kj/mol C2H6 = 2C+ 3 H2DH = + 83.7Kj/mol C3H8 = 3C + 4 H2+DH = + 103.8Kj/mol nC4H10 = 4C + 5 H2+DH = + 125.5Kj/mol • Catalytic Reforming of NG & LPG to Aromatics and H2 6CH4 = C6H6 + 9H2 3C2H6 = C6H6+ 6 H2 C3H8 = C6H6 + 5 H2 III. NOVEL MATERIALS FOR HYDROGEN STORAGE • Hybrid Novel Carbon Materials with Metal Hydrides

  27. ON-BOARD HYDROGEN STORAGE The challenges of fuelling for fuel cell vehicles • The biggest issue is how to provide fuel • The space needed to store the fuel on board the vehicle • Efficient ways for processing fossil fuels on board must be developed • Even though reforming is a gentler process than combustion, it still introduces trace emissions, which will dragged down overall efficiency Efficiency and Technical difficulty – Direct hydrogen vehicles are themost efficient, followed by on-board processor of methanol and then gasoline

  28. HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE AND STORAGE

  29. ON – BOARD OFF-BOARD HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND DISPENSINGTARGETS AND STATUS

  30. CONCLUSIONS • Utility Sustainable energy concepts are critical for global climate change and resource diversification • Clean as well as molecular fuels are going to play prominent role to transition to decarbonisation of fuels • Synthesis gas will be the feedstock for both clean as well as molecular fuels for both Combustion engines and Fuel Cells • C1 oxygenates such as MeOH, DME, Methyl formate can be efficient conventional fuels and source for low temperature hydrogen production by steam reforming • CO2 free H2 production fro low temperature fuel cells from NG and lower hydrocarbons have both economic and technical advantages • New adsorbents for H2 storage can realize the zero emission concepts

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