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Microlinguistic CA contnd .

Microlinguistic CA contnd . December 8, 2009. The elements of language juxtaposed for contrasting may be viewed as: Paradigms  Paradigmatic approach to contrasting Syntagms Syntagmatic approach to contrasting What’s the difference ?

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Microlinguistic CA contnd .

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  1. Microlinguistic CA contnd. December 8, 2009

  2. The elements of language juxtaposed for contrasting may be viewed as: • Paradigms  Paradigmatic approach to contrasting • Syntagms Syntagmatic approach to contrasting • What’s the difference ? “The type of analysis presupposes that language is structured along two axes, a horizontal axis delineating construction types , and a vertical axis defining sets of possible fillers for each position : the syntagmatic and paradigmatic respectively.” (James: 1980:38)

  3. Paradigmatic Contrasting • Take an example from James (1980: 38) • He gave her a lovely X yesterday. • Det + Adj + ? • Det + Adj + N • N PRESENT RING SHAWL SURPRISE TIME SMILE

  4. Therefore, the paradigmatic approach implies observing the language elements as parts of a system, or a subsystem. • Nouns in Serbian can be viewed as elements of language characterized by their number - case paradigm:

  5. singular plural stolicE stolicA stolicAMA stolicE ... stolicAMA stolicAMA • stolica • stolicE • stolicI • stolicU • ... • stolicOM • stolicI

  6. singular plural girlS girls’ • girl • girl’s

  7. An example of paradigmatic comparison : morphological markers of adjective comparison • Comparative in E (synthetic and analytic) • Positive + ER (youngER) • More/less + positive (more beautiful) • Superlative in E • Positive + est (youngEST) • The most/least + positive (the most beautiful)

  8. Serbian comparison of adjectives (synthetic and analytic): • Comparative • Positive + ji/iji/ši • Više/manje+positive • Superlative • Naj + comparative • Najviše /najmanje + positive

  9. English Serbian Mlađi : najmlađi Više fer: najviše fer Lepši: najlepši pristupačniji: najpristupačniji Više pogrešan: najviše pogrešan Manje važan : najmanje važan • Younger:the youngest • Fairer: the fairest • More beautiful: the most beautiful • Less accesible : the least accessible • More erroneous:the most erroneous • Less important: the least important

  10. It is possible, therefore to establish types of correspondances between the markers of comparison, as : • A.absolute correspondances • B.contrasts between markers • However, paradigmatic comparison does not allow for a more comprehensive and more thourough view of relations between the categories in the two languages:

  11. What does not show: • 1) congruence in S (number, case, gender) does not have a correpondent in E • 2) the synthetic comparison is by far more frequent in S than analytic comparison, so the validity of this relation is questioned • To resolve these issues, paradigmatic comparison is combined with

  12. Syntagmatic Contrasting • Syntagm = a construction; a sequence of linguistic units (in this case, words) related by certain syntactic relations • The relations established between the syntagmatic sequences can be classified as absolute correspondences, partial correspondencies and zero correspondences

  13. Position of Adj in E and S E: S: Adj + N Ulični prozor Dečačka dobacivanja N + Adj Za bogove tuđe U nedrima netaknutim N + Adj Generalni sekretar Ratni sud N + Adj Svet nestvaran u tami Rešenje prihvatljivo za mene • Adj + N • The front window • Boyish passes • Adj + N • For foreign gods • In the untouched breasts • N + Adj • Secretary General • Court Martial • N+ Adj • The world unreal in the dark • A solution acceptable to me

  14. The question of VALIDATION of results of contrastive analysis • Relevant results can only be obtained from the analysis of a large body of data  CORPORA • The corpora for PA – dictionaries and grammar books • The corpora for SA – text  large electronic data bases (SEU, BNC, LLC, etc)

  15. Reading: Đorđević, R. (2002) Uvod u kontrastiranje jezika James, C. (1980) Contrastive Analysis, pp 61-97

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