China: Unit 9 Part One

1. China: Unit 9Part One Hannah Ibele

2. Before the Revolution • 2 groups emerged from divisions: GMD or the National People’s Party (led by Chiang Kai-shek) and the communists (led by Mao Zedong) • Both organized armies • Both idolized Sun Yat-sen and accepted the 3 People’s Principles • Chiang supported businessmen and alliances with foreign countries • Mao supported peasants and stressed the importance of community organization

3. The Struggle for Power Chiang Kai-shek/GMD • Had conservative values and a diverse array of professional connection • Commander-in-chief of GMD’s National Revolutionary Army • Fought against the warlords, Japanese, and communists • Foreigners made lots of investments • 1920s – unionization of workers led to violence from employers • Had many early military victories, but alienated the peasants and the communists won them over Mao Zedong/Communist Party • Goals: strong unified china, improvement of people’s livelihood • Personal experience limited to China • Little experience in Western business • Organized peasants and workers with local solutions, little industrialization, and appropriate rural technology • Peasants violently overthrew landlord • Long March: guerilla army • Improved women’s lives, no selling them for wives • Leadership remained mostly male

4. The Long March and the Fight against the Japanese • Communists attacked by GMD, Mao led 80,000 men and 35 women on a strategic retreat (370 days, 6000 miles) • Mao became the unquestionable leader of communist party and army during the march • Established a capital in Yan’an and rebuilt soviet structure (redistributed land, encouraged handicrafts, arts, and schools) • Peasant-centered economy with dictatorial, benevolent leadership • Communists fought guerilla-style against Japanese • Jiang seemed less nationalistic than Mao and less willing to fight the Japanese, more willing to compromise • Jiang cooperated with communists to fight Japan after being kidnapped by communists (1936) • Temporary truce in 1945, then brutal civil war resumed • 1945: Communist forces defeat GMD • By 1949, GMD members are driven to Taiwan out of China

5. Policies of Communist China • Most important: redistribute land, women can hold land, use appropriate technology, produce and equally distribute basic necessities, universal literacy • Social networks supported by government suppressed vices (Opium use, prostitution) • “Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom” (1956-1957) • 5 year plan to double industrial output • Public expression and gov’tcritacismencouraged • Late 1957: Policies shifted to squash protests • The “Great Leap Forward” (1957-1960) • Terminated small enterprise, people moved to farms • Economic catastrophe • Local small scale industries • Cultural Revolution (1966-1969) • Remove bureaucrats from party • Red Guard formed by army and students, professors etc, exiled to villages • Little Red Book published, creativity squashed, economic chaos, anarchy reigned

6. Recovery and International Relations • Red Guard suppressed, relations with the United States improved • Industrialization, steel production increased • Agriculture neglected, barely enough produced to feed country, growing population • Relations with USSR • Fought over ideology • 1960: USSR recalled technical advisors to China • No diplomatic relations after 1962 • 1985 – diplomatic relations normalize (Gorbachev) • Relations with United States • Began with hostility • 1970s – Mao and Nixon normalize relations • Relations with E. Asia • Fear and resented neighbor, many Chinese minorities murdered • Relations with India • India and China both see themselves on the top of the third world