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Structures, Processes, and Responses of Plants

Structures, Processes, and Responses of Plants. By Michelle A. O’Malley League Academy of Communication Arts 2006-2007.

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Structures, Processes, and Responses of Plants

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  1. Structures, Processes, and Responses of Plants By Michelle A. O’Malley League Academy of Communication Arts 2006-2007

  2. Compare the characteristic structures of various groups of plants (including vascular or nonvascular, seed or spore-producing, flowering or cone-bearing, and monocot or dicot) Standard: 6-2.3

  3. Essential Questions and Vocabulary for Standard 6-2.3 • Characteristics of Plants: • Essential Questions: What characteristics do all plants share? • Unit Vocabulary: multi-cellular, eukaryotes, and autotrophs • Taxonomy of the Plant Kingdom • Essential Questions: How is the plant kingdom classified? • Unit Vocabulary: non-vascular, vascular, spore producing, seed producing, gymnosperm, and angiosperm • Characteristics of seed plants and gymnosperms • Essential Questions: 1) What are the characteristics of seed plants? 2) What are the characteristics of gymnosperms? • Unit Vocabulary: xylem, phloem, seeds, monocot, dicot, and cones

  4. Unit Vocabulary • Multi-cellular – a type of organism that is made up of many cells • Eukaryotes – organisms with cells that contain nuclei and other cell structures • Autotroph – an organism that makes its own food • Non-vascular – a low-growing plant that lacks vascular tissue • Vascular – a plant that has vascular tissue • Spore-producing – plants that produce spores for reproduction (ferns and mosses) • Seed-producing – plants that produce seeds (gymnosperms and angiosperms) • Gymnosperm – a plant that produces seeds that are not enclosed by a protective covering • Angiosperm – a plant that produces seeds that are enclosed in a protective structure • Xylem – a vascular tissue through which water and nutrients move in some plants • Phloem – the vascular tissue through which food moves in some plants • Seed – the plant structure that contains a young plant inside a protective covering • Monocot – an angiosperm that has only one seed leaf • Dicot – an angiosperm that has two seed leaves • Cone – the reproductive structure of a gymnosperm

  5. Plant Kingdom • Organisms in the Plant Kingdom are classified into groups based on specific structures • All plants included in this kingdom are then broken down into smaller divisions(or phyla) based on several characteristics, for example: • Nonvascular and vascular plants: Plants that can circulate fluids (like rainwater) through their bodies (vascular) or need to absorb them from the moisture that surrounds them (nonvascular) • Spore-producing and seed producing plants: How they reproduce – by spores or different kinds of seeds • Cone-bearing and flowering plants: Whether they produce seeds in cones or in flowers • Monocot and dicot plants • Monocot plants are angiosperms that have only one seed leaf • Dicot plants are that have two seed leaves

  6. Plant Kingdom: Nonvascular Plants • Nonvascular plants are plants that cannotcirculate rainwater through their stems and leaves but must absorb it from the environment that surrounds them. • These plants do not have true roots, stems, or leaves and are usually small in size because they do not have vascular tissue to carry substances within the plant. • They are an important foundation plant for the forest ecosystem and they help prevent erosion by carpeting the forest floor • Examples of nonvascular plants are: Mosses, Liverworts, and hornworts

  7. Plant Kingdom: Vascular Plants • Vascular Plants are the largest group in the plant kingdom • These plants have true roots, stems, and leaves. • The stems of these plants can either be woody, for example trees and many shrubs, or herbaceous, for example grasses, dandelions, or tomato plants • Vascular plants also have tube-like structures that provide support and help circulatewater and food throughout the plant.

  8. Stem K-W-L

  9. How are stems classified? STEMS HERBACEOUSSTEMS: SOFT STEMS SUCH AS DANDELIONS, PEPPERS, AND TOMATO PLANTS WOODY STEMS: HARD AND RIGID SUCH AS MAPLE TREES, PINE TREES, AND ROSES

  10. http://www.home.aone.net.au/~byzantium/ferns/about.html Plant Kingdom: Spore-producing Plants • Spore-producing plants are plants that produce spores for reproduction instead of seeds. • Spores are much smaller than seeds • Almost all flowerless plants produce spores • Examples include mosses and ferns http://www.backyardnature.net/mosses.htm

  11. Plant Kingdom: Seed-producing Plants • Seed-producing plants are plants that reproduce through seeds • Seed plants make their own seeds • From those seeds – new plants grow • There are two major groups of seed-producing plants: • Cone-bearing plants • Flowering plants

  12. http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/ecotree/flowers/cones.htm Plant Kingdom: Seed-producing Cone-bearing Plants • Cone-bearing plants are the largest and most diverse group of seed-producing plants • Most cone-bearing plants are evergreen plants • In addition, to having cones, conifers are trees or shrubs that never have flowers and that have needle-like leaves

  13. Plant Kingdom: Seed-producingFlowering Plants • A vast majority of plants belong to this category; for example, most trees, shrubs, vines, flowers, fruits, vegetables, and legumes. • Flowering plants differ from conifers because they grow their seeds inside an ovary, which is embedded in a flower • The flower then becomes a fruit containing the seeds • In the seeds of flowering plants, food is stored in one or two “seed leaves” called Cotyledons

  14. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookPLANTANATII.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookPLANTANATII.html Plant Kingdom: Monocot Plants • monocots have seed leaves with one food storage area • Flowers of monocots have either three petals or multiples of three • The leaves of monocots are long and slender with veins that are parallel to each other • The vascular tube structures are usually scattered randomly throughout the stem • Examples include plants for example grass, corn, rice, lilies, and tulips.

  15. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookPLANTANATII.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookPLANTANATII.html Plant Kingdom: Dicot Plants • Dicots have seed leaves with two storage areas • Flowers of dicots have either fouror fivepetals or multiples of these numbers • The leaves are usually wide with veins that branch off from each other • The vascular tube structures are arranged in a circle within the stem • Examples include roses, dandelions, maple, and oak trees

  16. Work Cited • Science Explorer: From Bacteria to Plants by Jan Jenner, Ph.D., Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 2000. • Greenville County Schools Science Curriculum Support Guide

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