Improving the energy efficiency of users, not just their products.

1. Improving the energy efficiency of users, not just their products. Behaviour Driven Design Edward Elias

2. Climate Change Issue Amount of Energy Used Factor The key issues “Domestic energy consumption has increased by 32% since 1970 and by 19% since 1990” - Department of Trade and Industry, 2002 On current trends, world demand for energy is set to increase by 53% between 2004 and 2030. “Using energy more efficiently is a cost effective way of cutting carbon dioxide emissions.” - UK Government, 2007 2 / 24

3. Climate Change Issue Amount of Energy Used Factor Manufacture Distribution Use Disposal Sources Sources of energy use Life Cycle Assessment study into fridges showed that 90% of total energy use of a refrigerator during its manufacture, lifetime and disposal came from the use phase during its life. - Rüdenauer & Gensch, 2005 3 / 24

4. Climate Change Issue Amount of Energy Used Factor Manufacture Distribution Use Disposal Sources Influencing energy use Product Behaviour Engineering Technology User Behaviour Influences Even the most efficiently designed product will waste energy if it is used badly. Wood et al. present findings from studies which show the impact user behaviour can have on domestic energy use ranges from 26– 36% - Wood & Newborough, 2002 4 / 24

5. Climate Change Issue Amount of Energy Used Factor Manufacture Distribution Use Disposal Sources Influencing user behaviour Product Behaviour Engineering Technology User Behaviour Influences Energy Education Energy Feedback User-Centred Design Initially [after an information campaign] there was a 30% reduction in usage, but in a subsequent week the savings had quickly fallen to 9%. - Hayes & Cone, 1977 5 / 24

6. Climate Change Issue Amount of Energy Used Factor Manufacture Distribution Use Disposal Sources The whole picture Product Behaviour Engineering Technology User Behaviour Influences Energy Education Energy Feedback User-Centred Design Engineering Design Change Mechanism 6 / 24

7. User Behaviour Old New Current Products and User Behaviour User Education and Energy Feedback Existing Products 1 2 Relationship matrix 7 / 24

8. User Behaviour Old New Current Products and User Behaviour User Education and Energy Feedback Existing Products 1 2 Relationship matrix Design for Current User Behaviour Design for New User Behaviour Next Generation 3 4 Behaviour Driven Design 8 / 24

9. Information and Feedback “Fridge with alarm on door” “Information on why to keep the door closed” User Behaviour Old New Old Product Function New Relationship matrix User Behaviour Focus “Vending machine fridge” “Self-closing door” Product Behaviour Focus 9 / 24

10. How much energy is actually being lost due to inefficient use? Our methodology 10 / 24

11. How much energy is actually being lost due to inefficient use? Theoretical minimum The minimum amount of energy required to perform a desired function, below which it is impossible to go due to the laws of physics. Intrinsic losses Energy losses associated with the engineering technology and materials of a product. User-related loses Energy losses related to actions of the user. Our methodology 11 / 24

12. How much energy is actually being lost due to inefficient use? Theoretical minimum The minimum amount of energy required to perform a desired function, below which it is impossible to go due to the laws of physics. Intrinsic losses Energy losses associated with the engineering technology and materials of a product. User-related loses Energy losses related to actions of the user. • What is causing the user-related losses? Our methodology 12 / 24

13. How much energy is actually being lost due to inefficient use? Theoretical minimum The minimum amount of energy required to perform a desired function, below which it is impossible to go due to the laws of physics. Intrinsic losses Energy losses associated with the engineering technology and materials of a product. User-related loses Energy losses related to actions of the user. • What is causing the user-related losses? • How can we design for them? Our methodology 13 / 24

14. Energy Use Product A Intrinsic losses Theoretical minimum Time Theoretical minimum For example: To boil 1 litre of water requires 0.093 kWh (Due to the laws of Thermodynamics) A sample kettle took 2.5 minutes to boil and used 0.117 kWh. The difference (0.024 kWh) is the intrinsic losses of the product. 14 / 24

15. Energy Use 0.117 kWh (421, 200 Joules) 0.176 kWh (633,600 Joules) 0.140 kWh (505,440 Joules) User-related Losses 0.059 kWh User-related Losses 0.023 kWh Intrinsic Losses 0.024 kWh User-related losses Theoretical Minimum 0.093 kWh Base Case 1 litre of boiled water Scenario A 1.5 litres of boiled water Scenario B 20% overfilled 15 / 24

16. User video studies 16 / 24

17. Video action log 17 / 24

18. Behaviour scenarios 18 / 24

19. Behaviour assessments 19 / 24

20. Design Concept No. Design assessments A scale from +2 to -2 allowed for some simple weighting to be applied, revealing the best design solutions. 20 / 24

21. Generic design principles 21 / 24

22. Morphological design The morphological design approach allows designers to pick and chose the right solution elements for their product. Again a simple weighting system has been used, green is an absolute solution, yellow is a partial solution. 22 / 24

23. Energy useduring use phase is a key area to focus on for improved life cycle energy reduction User-related losses are an important consideration A design led solution is an essential approach Behaviour analysis to highlight the worst behaviours and areas for improvement. Careful analysis of the behaviour results can guide the redesign efforts. Behaviour Driven Design can “Lock-in” good behaviour at the design stage. Conclusions 23 / 24

24. Edward Elias e.w.a.elias@bath.ac.uk Thank you 24 / 24