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Rockefeller F. Cooper II, PhD. Student Walden University Ph 8165-2 Instructor: Dr. Stephen Arnold

Rockefeller F. Cooper II, PhD. Student Walden University Ph 8165-2 Instructor: Dr. Stephen Arnold FALL, 2009. An Analysis of Trypanosomiasis Infection within Sub-Saharan Africa and How its Impact can be Suppressed. Stakeholders. The Government of Liberia : Ministry of Health :

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Rockefeller F. Cooper II, PhD. Student Walden University Ph 8165-2 Instructor: Dr. Stephen Arnold

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  1. Rockefeller F. Cooper II, PhD. Student Walden University Ph 8165-2 Instructor: Dr. Stephen Arnold FALL, 2009 An Analysis of Trypanosomiasis Infection within Sub-Saharan Africa and How its Impact can be Suppressed

  2. Stakeholders • The Government of Liberia: Ministry of Health: Public Health Officials Healthcare Givers Monrovia City Hall Corp

  3. Learning Objectives • What is trypanosomiasis? • What causes it and how is it transmitted? • Who is at risk? • What are the symptoms? • How do we prevent it? • How do we control it? • How do we treat it? • Understanding the etiology and geography.

  4. Outline I • Introduction • African Trypanosomiasis • Etiology of African Trypanosomiasis • Geographical Distribution • Mode of Transmission • Symptoms Human African Trypanosomiasis African Animal Trypanosomiasis

  5. Outline II • Prevention A-B-C Method • Control use of insecticide traps and screens • Treatment • References

  6. Introduction I • Trypanosomiasis is commonly known as “sleeping sickness”(Dias, 1999). • In cattle and other domestic animals, the disease is referred to as Nagana (Dias,1999). • Approximately, 66 million people are victims (Dias,1999). Reference: Dias, J.C.P (1999). The evolution of Chagas disease (American Trypanosomiasis) control after 90 years since Carlos Chagas discovery. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1, 103-121.

  7. Introduction II • Acute and chronic phase. • Origin was unknown as caravanners noticed prevailing symptoms of the disease (Dias,1999). • The disease infiltrated the western, eastern and southern parts of Africa • Colonial masters organized campaigns to prevent and control trypanosomiasis. • This effort turned out to be successful due to the use pentamidine, and agronol prevention (Dias,1999). Reference: Dias, J.C.P (1999). The evolution of Chagas disease (American Trypanosomiasis) control after 90 years since Carlos Chagas discovery. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1, 103-121.

  8. Introduction III • Trypanosomiasis was suppressed but reemerged after African countries started to obtain their independence. as they could not maintained the financial burden of suppressing the disease (Dias,1999). • Trypanosomiasis causes economical instability due to death infliction on cattle as a result of anemia, loss of condition and emaciation. • Disease is caused by: Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma vivaxandTrypanosoma brucei brucei. (Grove, 1990). References: Dias, J.C.P (1999). The evolution of Chagas disease (American Trypanosomiasis) control after 90 years since Carlos Chagas discovery. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1, 103-121. Grove, A.T. (1990). The Changing Geography of Africa. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

  9. Etiology of African Trypanosomiasis (2008,Dec 5). African Trypanosomiasis. Retrieved October 7, 2009, from CDC Web site: http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/html/TrypanosomiasisAfrican.htm

  10. Geographical Distribution • African Trypanosomiasis: Tsetse flies are between latitude 15 0 North and 20 0 South. • Central and West Africa serves as host to the Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which is the most common causal agent of the disease. • In East and Southern Africa, there is the Trypanosoma brucei Rhodesiense. Reference: Legros, D (2002).Treatment for human African Trypanosomiasis-present situation and needs for research and development. The Lancelet Infectious Diseases. 2, 437-440. Dias, J.C.P (1999). The evolution of Chagas disease (American Trypanosomiasis) control after 90 years since Carlos Chagas discovery. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1, 103-121.

  11. Mode of Transmission • Human African Trypanosomiasis: Glossina are the vectors • African Animal Trypanosomiasis: The vectors are Glossina palpalis, Glossina fusca and Glossina morsitans Other vectors are of the genus Tabanus, Haematopota, Chrysops, Liperosia and Stomoxys References: Carlier, Yves (2004). Chagas Disease. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from the chagaspace group Web site: http://chagaspace.org/eng/chagas/index.htm Legros, D (2002).Treatment for human African Trypanosomiasis-present situation and needs for research and development. The Lancelet Infectious Diseases. 2, 437-440.

  12. symptoms • Human African Trypanosomiasis: Chancre develops from bite. Other manifestations are: • fever • rash • severe headache • severe fatigue • painful muscles and joints • Edema around eyes and hand • Winterbottom’s sign weight loss Reference: Moore, A (2004). Human African Trypanosomiasis: a reemerging public health threat. Washington, D.C: ASM Press. • African Animal Trypanosomiasis: • Infertility • Abortion • Anemia • Weight loss • Intermittent fever Reference: Grove, A.T. (1990). The Changing Geography of Africa. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

  13. Prevention • A-B-C Method: Awareness of Risk Bite Avoidance Chemoprophylaxis References: Carlier, Yves (2004). Chagas Disease. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from the chagaspace group Web site: http://chagaspace.org/eng/chagas/index.htm Legros, D (2002).Treatment for human African Trypanosomiasis-present situation and needs for research and development. The Lancelet Infectious Diseases. 2, 437-440.

  14. Other Control & Methods • Insecticide • Traps and Screen References: (2004, Oct 19). Trypanosomiasis. Retrieved April 10, 2009, from Public Health Agency of Canada Web site: http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/224/Trypano.html Moore, A (2004). Human African Trypanosomiasis: a reemerging public health threat. Washington, D.C: ASM Press.

  15. Treatment

  16. What have we learned ? • The nickname for trypanosomiasis is “sleeping sickness”. • It is an infectious disease that can be transmitted by the tsetse fly. • Two phases are involved. • Infection is specie specific with regards to the geography. • Transmission of the disease into humans and animals are not of the same species as symptoms vastly differs as well. • Prevention using the “ABC Method” as well as traps, screen and insecticide. • Different types of drugs.

  17. References • "American Trypanosomiasis of Chagas Disease." Public Health Agency of Canada. 13 June 2001. Public Health Agency of Canada. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/tmp-pmv/info/am_trypan_e.html. • Carlier, Yves (2004). Chagas Disease. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from the chagaspace group Web site: http://chagaspace.org/eng/chagas/index.htm • Dias, J.C.P (1999). The evolution of Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) control after 90 years since Carlos Chagas discovery. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1, 103-121. • Dias, J.C.P (1992). Epidemiology of Chagas disease. Retrieved October 5, 2006, from Foreign Animal Diseases Web site: http://www.dbbm.fiocruz.br/tropical/chagas/chapter4.html • Grove, A.T. (1990). The Changing Geography of Africa. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. • Legros, D (2002).Treatment for human African trypanosomiasis-present situation and needs for research and development. The Lancelet Infectious Diseases. 2, 437-440.

  18. References II • Mare, C.J. (1998). Foreign animal diseases. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from The Gray Book Web site: http://www.vet.uga.edu/VPP/gray_book/FAD/index.htm • Mare, C.J. (1998). In foreign animal diseases. Richmond, VA: United States Animal Health Association. • Moore, A (2004). Human African Trypanosomiasis: a reemerging public health threat. Washington, D.C: ASM Press. • Stich, A (2002).Human African Trypanosomiasis. BMJ. 325, 203-06. • Trail, J.C.M (1985). Productivity of Boran cattle maintained by chemoprophylaxis under Trypanosomiasis risk. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from Economic trade-offs between milk and meat production Web site: http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ILRI/x5527E/x5527e00.HTM • (2004, Oct 19). Trypanosomiasis. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from Public Health Agency of Canada Web site: http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/224/Trypano.html • (2006, Feb 8). West African Trypanosomiasis. Retrieved October 8, 2009, from Division of parasitic Diseases Web site: http://www.cdc.gov/NCIDOD/dpd/parasites/trypanosomiasis/factsht_ea_trypanosomiasis.htm

  19. Bibliography for further reading • Cooper, Rockefeller (2007). Prevention and Control of Selective Tropical Diseases. Baltimore, MD: Publish America • (2008,June 8). West African Trypanosomiasis. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from CDC Web site: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trypanosomiasis/factsht_wa_trypanosomiasis.htm • (2009). Trypanosomiasis, Africa. Retrieved October 7, 2009, from World Health Organization Web site: http://www.who.int/topics/trypanosomiasis_african/en/ • Kioy, D., & Jannin , N (2004). Human African Trypanosomiasis. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2, 186-187.

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