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Chapter 4 Rocks

Chapter 4 Rocks. Classifying Rocks. Section 1. Why must scientists who study rocks look at the inside of them?. Because the outside surfaces have been exposed to the effects of ice, water, and weather (Erosion). Mineral composition and color.

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Chapter 4 Rocks

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  1. Chapter 4Rocks

  2. Classifying Rocks Section 1

  3. Why must scientists who study rocks look at the inside of them? • Because the outside surfaces have been exposed to the effects of ice, water, and weather (Erosion).

  4. Mineral composition and color 2. What three important things do scientists observe when studying rocks? -Mineral composition, color, and texture 3. What are rock forming minerals? -About 20 minerals that are found in the earth’s crust that make up rocks. 4. What minerals are found in granite? -Quartz, horneblende, mica, and feldspar

  5. Mineral Composition:(This is also in the igneous section on page 2) • Most of Earth’s (rocks) contain Silica • Silica is a material formed from oxygen and silicon. • The silica content of magma and lava will affect the types of rock that form • High silica usually forms light colored rocks • Low silica usually forms dark colored rocks

  6. 5.Some other ways scientists study rocks include: • Shape and color of the crystals • Mineral content • Color • Texture • And some other tests similar to the tests for minerals

  7. Texture Grains- Give the rock texture What is texture? Texture is the look and feel of the rocks surface. The three grain sizes that make texture are: • Fine • Coarse • No visible

  8. Texture: Grain Size • Coarse grained = large grains and easy to see • Fine grain = microscopic and too small to see

  9. There are three main groups of rocks Igneous – forms from cooling of magma or lava Sedimentary – forms when particles of other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together Metamorphic – forms when and existing rock is changed by heat, pressure or chemical reactions, forms deep underground

  10. There are two grain shapes: • Jagged • Round There are two grain patterns: • Banded • Non- banded

  11. Igneous Rocks Section 2

  12. Igneous Rocks • An igneous rock is any rock that forms from magma or lava. • The name “igneous” comes from the Latin word meaning “fire” • Igneous rocks come from deep within the ground

  13. Igneous Rock Identification • Igneous rocks are classified according to origin, texture and mineral composition • Origin • Texture • Mineral composition

  14. Intrusive and Extrusive Extrusive rock is formed from lava that erupted onto the earth’s surface. Intrusive rock is formed when magma hardens beneath the surface. Molten rock below the earth’s surface is called magma. When it makes it to the surface it is called lava.

  15. Igneous IDQuestions 5-7 Texture: depends on the size and shape of the mineral crystals. The only exceptions are those rocks made of glass. • Rapidly cooling lava forms fine-grained rock • Slowly cooling lava forms coarse-grained rocks with large crystals • Intrusive rocks should have coarse-grained texture while extrusive rock will have fine-grained texture.

  16. Igneous Rocks Continued • Most of the earth’s rocks contain the mineral silica. • Silica content of rocks can affect the rocks color. Examples of Igneous rocks: Rhyolite, Porphyry, Pegmatite, Granite, etc.

  17. Uses of Igneous Rock • Building Material • granite • Cleaning and polishing • Pumice • Sharp tools for cutting or scraping • obsidian

  18. Sedimentary Rocks Section 3

  19. Sedimentary Rock Sediment - small, solid pieces of material that come from rock or living things. • Ex. rock, shells, bones, leaves, stems, etc. • Sedimentary rocks are formed through the process of: 1.Erosion 2.Deposition 3.Compaction 4.Cementation

  20. - Sedimentary Rocks From Sediment to Rock • Most sedimentary rocks are formed through a series of processes: erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation.

  21. Sedimentary Rocks*Erosion* Erosion- destructive forces including heat, cold, rain, waves, grinding ice, running water, wind and ice loosen and carry it away. (The forces of erosion form sediment)

  22. Sedimentary Rocks*Deposition* Deposition- the process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind carrying it

  23. Sedimentary Rocks*Compaction* Compaction - the process that presses sediments together • Thick layers build up over millions of years • The more layers, the more it presses down on the layers beneath them.

  24. Sedimentary Rocks*Cementation* Cementation - the process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together • While compaction is occurring, the minerals slowly dissolve in the water

  25. Sedimentary Rocks • 3 major types of rocks • Clastic • Organic • Chemical

  26. Sedimentary Rock: Clastic Clastic rock- a sedimentary rock that forms when rock fragments are squeezed together • Sediments can range in size • Ex. shale, sandstone, conglomerate, breccia

  27. Sedimentary Rocks: Organic Organic rock- forms where the remains of plants and animals are deposited in thick layers • Ex. coal, limestone

  28. Sedimentary Rocks: Chemical Chemical- when minerals that are dissolved in a solution crystallize • Ex. rock salt

  29. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=60jof35WuAo http://www.brainpop.com/science/diversityoflife/coral/ Rocks From Reefs Section 4

  30. Rocks from Reefs 1.These rocks are made from the exoskeletons of coral animals. 2. Life can only live within the first 40 meters because that is where there is enough light. 3. The exoskeletons are made from calcium. 4. A coral reef forms when the animals die and their skeletons remain building up over time. 5. Temperatures must be warm. 6.Limestone deposits can tell us that there must have been on ocean or sea there sometime in the past

  31. Metamorphic Rocks Section 5 http://www.brainpop.com/science/earthsystem/typesofrocks/

  32. Metamorphic Rocks Heat and pressure beneath the surface of the earth can change any rock into a metamorphic rock. • Geologists classify metamorphic rocks according to the arrangement of the grains that make up the rocks • Foliated Rocks • Non-foliated Rocks

  33. Metamorphic Rocks • When a rock becomes a metamorphic rock… • Its appearance changes • Texture changes • Crystal structure changes • Mineral content changes

  34. Metamorphic Rocks • Foliated = grains arranged in parallel layers or bands • Ex. slate, schist and gneiss

  35. Metamorphic Rock • Non-foliated = mineral grains are arranged randomly • Ex. marble, quartzite

  36. Uses of Metamorphic Rocks • Two of the most used metamorphic rocks • Marble – building and sculptures • Lincoln Memorial • Slate – flooring, roofing, walkways, chalkboards

  37. The Rock Cycle Section 6

  38. The Rock Cycle Forces deep within the Earth and at the surface, produce a slow cycle that builds, destroys, and changes the rocks in the crust. The rock cycle is a series of processes that change rocks from one kind to another.

  39. Quartz Sediment Compaction Cementation Sedimentary Rock (sandstone) Buried Pressure Heat Metamorphic Rock (quartzite) What next?

  40. ROCK CYCLE ACTIVITY

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