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Choosing a Bentgrass: Old and New Cultivars for Turfgrass Improvement

Learn about the factors to consider when choosing a bentgrass cultivar for your turfgrass, including wear tolerance, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. Discover the different options available and their performance in research trials.

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Choosing a Bentgrass: Old and New Cultivars for Turfgrass Improvement

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  1. Choosing a Bentgrass Dr. Leah A. Brilman Director of Research and Technical Services Seed Research of Oregon Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  2. Choosing a Bentgrass Old and New Choices in Cultivars and Species Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  3. Bentgrass decisions • Greens or fairways • Wear - Amount, type and season • Environmental stresses - heat, cold, humidity • Budget and equipment for maintenance • Type of course Private or public • Clientele expectations and competition • Water quality and quantity • Environmental concerns Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  4. Bentgrass breeding goals • Disease resistance – Dollar spot – Brown patch – Anthracnose – Snow mold – Take-all resistance • High density for greens - resist weed invasion • Winter active growth - winter color retention • Salt tolerance • Wear tolerance • Dense types without excessive thatch Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  5. Bentgrass breeding goals • Greens Ballmark repair and recovery Speed of greens Stress tolerance • Fairways Divot repair and recovery Stress tolerance • Both Thatch control Poa annua control Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  6. Bentgrass trials • Combine different species and types one trial Differential herbicide/fungicide response Different requirements for thatch control • NTEP Trials at Universities Most not managed as on golf course Less mowing, mowing height different No traffic Fungicide/no fungicide split but often only fungicide side reported • New NTEP - no split. More trials with reduced fungicides Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  7. Bentgrass trials • NTEP/GCSAA On site trials Putting Green only High end courses - intensive management Thatch control often geared to heavy thatch producers Preventative fungicide Only four disease ratings in all trials • Best trials on golf courses - often no feedback Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  8. Bentgrass trials Management influences - Four sands / One cultivar Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  9. Creeping bentgrass • Traditional varieties - Penncross, Seaside Lower density, horizontal growth • Standard improved varieties for greens and fairways : SR 1119, SR 1120 (Brighton), Sandhill, Ninety- six two, L-93, Providence, SR 1020, Crenshaw, Seaside II, Pennlinks, Penneagle, Trueline, Backspin, Putter, Cato, Century, Princeville, Cobra, Viper, Grand Prix, Bengal • Moderate density, more upright, versatile • Less thatch for fairways, disease and stress resistance important characterstics Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  10. Creeping bentgrass • High density varieties - greens Penn G-2, G-6, A-1, A-4, G-1 - all from selections at Augusta, GA - very similar genetics • High thatch producers - must have budget and equipment to control • Slower repair aerification holes, ball marks • Use smaller diameter holes, topdress frequently • Upright, dense growth - good at low height • Good wear tolerance Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  11. Creeping bentgrass • New moderate density improved varieties SR 1150 (SRX 1PDH), LS-44, Alpha, Independence, Penneagle II, Pennlinks II, Benchmark DSR, Memorial, Kingpin • Intermediate versatile varieties - greens, tees and fairways 007 (DSB), MacKenzie (SRX 1GPD) • New high density varieties Tyee (SRX 1GD), Declaration, T-1, Authority, Shark Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  12. Creeping bentgrass • Divot repair rate Traditional > Improved >Versatile> High Density Cover may be greater but not fully repaired Higher density varieties sometimes ballmark less but recover slower All bentgrasses - use sand/seed repair mix Add Chewings fescue for faster germination • Green speed and smoothness Some Improved cultivars faster than High Density. Dependent on health of plant and management practices. Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  13. Creeping bentgrass • Ball mark repair study Bakalyar, Honors Course, Tennessee. Ball mark created as a hole. – Sunny and shady plots healed differently – Repair rate related to growth pattern of cultivar - heat tolerant cultivars better in summer, Winter-active types better in October – No consistent pattern in type Mean % repair after 28 days over 4 dates SR 1020 42.3 Pennlinks 41.0 L-93 39.5 Penn A-1 39.0 Penn G-2 Crenshaw Penncross 38.2 38.0 36.5 Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  14. Creeping bentgrass • Damage control study Clemson, University – Repair of damage from 2 inch hole in June and August – Repair rate differed by type - standard and improved typically better than dense. Percent repair after 6 weeks 1998 Cultivar June Aug. Penncross 43 a 33 cd Southshore 41 ab 36 a-d Putter 41 ab 39 abc Pennlinks 41 ab 33 cd Mariner 39 abc 28 d Viper 38 a-d 37 a-d SR 1020 37 a-d 35 a-d SR 1119 37 a-d 34 bcd L-93 36 a-e 45 ab Dominant 34 a-e 46 a Cultivar Crenshaw Penn G-2 Crens/Cato Cato Penn A-1 Penn G-1 Providence Penn A-4 Penn G-6 June 33 b-e 32 b-e 31 cde 30 cde 30 cde 30 cde 29 de 29 de 27 e Aug. 45 ab 36 a-d 37 a-d 37 a-d 35 a-d 30 cd 35 a-d 35 a-d 33 cd Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  15. Creeping bentgrass • Dollar spot - most fungicides used to control. Variability in resistance in trials by location and management Mean % dollar spot on greens 1999-2002 data, 3 locations Cutlivar % DS Providence 3.0 Sandhill 3.4 Penn G-6 3.4 Penn G-1 3.8 Bengal 4.3 Pennlinks 4.4 Brighton 4.7 Penn A-1 4.8 L-93 5.6 SR 1119 6.2 Cultivar Penn A-2 Ninety-six two Penncross Backspin Penn A-4 Crenshaw Imperial Century % DS 6.7 6.8 7.6 7.8 10.2 11.2 11.4 16.8 LSD@5% 8.3 Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  16. Creeping bentgrass • Dollar spot - most fungicides used to control. Variability in resistance in trials by location and management Dollar spot ratings grown on green 1999-2002, Mean of 12 location Cutlivar Mean Penncross 7.9 L-93 7.9 Pennlinks 7.7 Penn A-1 7.6 Penn A-2 7.6 Penn G-6 7.2 Sandhill 7.2 Penn G-1 7.1 Bengal 7.1 Penn A-4 7.1 Cultivar SR 1119 Imperial Brighton Providence Backspin Ninety-six two Century Crenshaw Mean 6.7 6.5 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.2 LSD@5% 0.8 Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  17. Creeping bentgrass • Dollar spot - most fungicides used to control. Variability in resistance in trials by location and management Dollar spot ratings grown on green 1993 - 97, Mean of 12 location Cutlivar Mean L-93 7.7 Penn A-1 7.4 Pennlinks 7.4 Providence 7.2 Penncross 7.1 Seaside 7.0 Penn G-2 6.8 Penn G-6 6.8 Trueline 6.6 Southshore 6.5 Cultivar Penn A-4 Mariner Imperial SR 1020 Backspin Century 18th Green Crenshaw Mean 6.5 6.1 5.7 5.6 5.5 4.9 4.5 4.5 LSD@5% 0.4 Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  18. Creeping bentgrass • Dollar spot resistance • Two to three major genes involved - only one strain used to determine. Additional genes may be necessary for resistance to other strains. • Density of grass important, leaf to leaf transmission. Penncross sometimes shows less due to low density • Reduce hours of moisture - mowing, irrigation, rolling • Nitrogen management - low levels currently used for faster greens increase levels • Usually good resistance - Providence, SR 1119, L-93, Cato, Sandhill, Penn A-1, G-1, G-2, G-6, Pennlinks • New cultivars with promise - Declaration, 007, Pennlinks II, Memorial, SR 1150, 13-M, Benchmark DSR, Kingpin Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  19. Creeping bentgrass • Brown patch - Variability in resistance in trials by location and management Brown patch ratings grown on green 1999-2002, Mean of 7 locations Cutlivar Mean Ninety-six two 7.2 Penn G-6 6.9 Sandhill 6.7 SR 1119 6.7 Brighton 6.5 L-93 6.4 Pennlinks 6.4 Penn G-1 6.3 Crenshaw 6.3 Penncross 6.3 Cultivar Century Penn A-2 Bengal Backspin Imperial Penn A-1 Providence Penn A-4 Mean 6.2 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.6 LSD@5% 1.2 Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  20. Creeping bentgrass • Thatch Development - measured after 1 and 2 years Thatch in mm grown on green 1999, 2000, Mean of 2 locations Cutlivar Mean Penn A-4 13.9 Penn A-1 13.6 Penn A-2 13.3 Century 12.8 Penn G-6 12.8 Penn G-1 12.8 Ninety-six two 12.8 Bengal 12.3 Brighton 12.2 Backspin 12.2 Cultivar Sandhill Crenshaw L-93 Pennlinks Providence Imperial SR 1119 Penncross Mean 12.1 12.0 12.0 12.0 11.9 11.9 11.8 11.6 LSD@5% 1.9 Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  21. Creeping bentgrass • Thatch Control • Critical in newer bentgrasses • Thatch development dependent on cultivar, environment, nitrogen, irrigation, mowing height, traffic • Topdressing weekly or bimonthly most critical. Irrigate to integrate during heat stress rather than brushing. • Hollow-tine aeration most critical in maintaining reduced organic matter, high saturated hydraulic conductivity, high root oxygen content - reduces quality short term • Hydojet, solid tines, spiker should start 5-8 weeks after hollow-tine to maintain SHC during summer • Vertical mowing, grooming can help reduce OM - can influence quality. Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  22. Creeping bentgrass • Cultivars that develop more thatch. Recommended primarily for greens only. Higher budget for maintenance. • Penn A-2 • Penn A-2 • Penn A-4 • Penn G-1 • Penn G-2 • Penn G-6 • New cultivars that develop more thatch • Declaration (Bentgrass bloat) • Tyee (SRX 1GD) • T-1 • Authority (235050) • Kingpin • Shark Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  23. Why Blends/Mixtures • Increased genetic diversity • Strengths and weaknesses matched • Natural Selection for microenvironments • Match color, growth form carefully Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  24. Science and nonscience of blends Kentucky bluegrass (Vargas and Turgeon, 1980. Proc. Third ITRC 45-52.) Melting-out resistance of blend of two cultivars intermediate between same cultivars in monostands Inoculum from susceptible cultivar reduced resistance of resistant cultivar Blends of two cultivars generally show resistance intermediate between each alone Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  25. Science and nonscience of blends Creeping bentgrass (Abernathy et al. 2001 Crop Sci 41:806-809.) Dollar spot resistance among blends of creeping bentgrass cultivars Penn A-4, Crenshaw, L-93, Mariner and Penncross, monostands and two or three-way blends L-93 suppressed dollar spot in blends, Crenshaw increased Blending Crenshaw with any reduced dollar spot centers 46 to 67% and blighted areas 71 to 98% Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  26. Science and nonscience of blends Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  27. Example:Dominant X-treme Creeping Bentgrass Blend • Blend of SR 1119 and Providence • Excellent for northern areas to transition zone • Combines heat tolerance and cold tolerance • Disease resistance • Similar in color, texture • Little segregation Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  28. Stress tolerance in bents One month with no water 2002 NJ drought Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  29. Science and nonscience of blends Color and density should be matched Large variability in colors - blue-green to true greens Variability in density makes for uneven surface Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  30. Science and nonscience of blends Color and density should be matched Large variability in colors - blue-green to true greens Variability in density makes for uneven surface Penncross Tyee Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  31. Creeping bentgrass • Additional characteristics important in choosing cultivars or making blends • Winter-active growth - critical in Southern areas where bent is used for resorts, CA, PNW • Snow mold resistance • Heat / drought resistance • Salinity tolerance - most studies do not properly evaluate since not mown or in sand medium – Primarily monitor top growth – Recent study in Colorado better - repeat with more cultivars Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  32. Bentgrass Conversion • From Poa - Trials at Rutgers University • Poa aerated, topdressed, verticut before overseeding, seed broadcast • No effect from PGRs • Seeding date influenced establishment with July 1, Aug. 17 dates best one study, June 19, Aug. 20 another study. • SR 7200 velvet best, A-4, L-93, Providence all better than Penncross • Can use water injection for placement • Velocity can provide better, safer, faster conversion Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  33. Bentgrass Conversion • From one bent to another More difficult if original bent is healthy More difficult under fairway conditions • Prepare as for Poa conversion Verticut, aerate, top dress. The aim is to weaken existing bent to give seedlings a chance. • Further reduce growth with PGR or Roundup • Multiple seedings needed • Dormant seedings useful in some locations • Seeding in late spring, summer more competitive Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  34. Roundup Ready Bentgrass Scotts and Monsanto USDA Application was refiled , Environmental Impact Assessment currently underway Currently fairway variety, greens type later Parents used in backcross have high dollar spot resistance, excellent agronomic characterstics Poa annua control - must rotate with other herbicides Stewardship program to prevent escape Available USA (?) Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  35. New Creeping Bentgrasses 007 (DSB) Tyee (SRX 1GD) SR 1150 (SRX 1PDH) T-1 Declaration Authority(235050) Memorial (A03-ED1) Independence LS-44 MacKenzie Benchmark DSR Alpha 13-M Kingpin Pennlinks II CY-2 Cobra II (ISI-AP 9) Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  36. Tyee Creeping Bentgrass (SRX 1GD) • Dr. Leah Brilman + Rutgers • Stress tolerant germplasm • Very high density for greens • High summer density, no bloat • Bright medium green color • High turf quality • Dollar Spot resistance level similar to L-93 • High Brown Patch resistance • High fall color retention Tyee Photo Puyallup, WA November, 2004 Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  37. Tyee Creeping Bentgrass Rutgers Univ. July, 2004 Greens Trial High stress environment Tyee rated a 9 by supers Germination in 4 days Tyee Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  38. 007 Creeping Bentgrass • Developed by Dr. Rich Hurley, in cooperation with Rutgers University • Excellent Dollar Spot resistant • Related to L-93 • High turf quality • Excellent for greens, tees and fairways • Moderately high density • Bright dark green color 007 Picture Arkansas May 2004 Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  39. 007 Creeping Bentgrass Rutgers Univ. July, 2004 Greens Trial High stress environment 007 Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  40. Rutgers University -2002 Greens High dollar spot resistance Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  41. SR 1150 Creeping Bentgrass SRX 1PDH • Rutgers University – Dr. Stacy Bonos • Dollar Spot resistant • Moderately high density for greens and fairways • Color, texture match with SR 1119, Brighton, Sandhill • High turf quality • High Brown Patch resistance • High performance in Reduced Fungicide Trials SR 1150 Picture Rutgers Univ., Fairway Trial, July 04 Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  42. New Creeping bentgrass Percent dollar spot ratings of Creeping Bentgrass cultivars on a fairway or tee at Lexington, KY. 2003 NTEP – Fairway or tee 2004 Data Cultivar % dollar spot Declaration 0.6 Pennlinks II 3.4 SR 1150 (SRX 1PDH) 5.3 Kingpin 5.4 Mackenzie 7.4 Penncross 8.6 L-93 8.7 SR 1119 8.9 Alpha 9.1 Shark 9.3 T-1 12.2 Independence 17.1 LSD @ 5% 4.5 Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  43. Mackenzie Creeping Bentgrass Rutgers Univ. July, 2004 Fairway Trial High stress environment Dr. Jim Murphy likes this one for fairways High performer greens and fairways SR 1119 Mackenzie Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  44. MacKenzie Creeping Bentgrass Utah State University July, 2005 Comparison with Kingpin Brighter color, density SR 1119 MacKenzie Kingpin Mackenzie Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  45. New Creeping Bentgrass 2003 NTEP grown on sand, Mean of 12 locations 2004 data, 1-9, 9 = Ideal Turf Cutlivar Mean Tyee (SRX 1GD) 6.3 Authority (235050) 6.2 CY-2 6.1 Penn A-1 6.1 T-1 6.1 Shark (23R) 6.1 Declaration 6.1 007 (DSB) 6.0 Memorial (A03-ED1) 6.0 Independence 5.9 Cultivar LS-44 MacKenzie Bengal Alpha Benchmark DSR 13-M Kingpin (9200) Pennlinks II Penncross LSD@5% Mean 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.1 0.3 Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  46. New Creeping Bentgrass Quality ratings of Creeping Bentgrass cultivars grown on a green at 10 locations using an 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) or lower cutting height 2003 NTEP – Putting Green 2005 Data Turfgrass Quality ratings 1-9, 9 = Ideal Turf Cultivar Declaration MacKenzie Authority Tyee (SRX 1GD) CY-2 Penn A-1 007 (DSB) Quality 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.5 Cultivar Kingpin Memorial T-1 Benchmark DSR Alpha Pennlinks II Penncross Quality 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.0 5.5 5.0 LSD @ 5% 0.2 Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  47. New Creeping Bentgrass 2003 NTEP grown on sand, Logan, UT 2004 data, 1-9, 9 = Ideal Turf Cutlivar Mean 007 (DSB) 7.7 Shark 7.1 Authority (235050) 6.8 T-1 6.8 Independence 6.6 Penn A-1 6.6 Tyee (SRX 1GD) 6.6 MacKenzie 6.6 Memorial (A03-ED1) 6.4 Declaration 6.4 Cultivar 13-M Alpha Benchmark DSR Bengal CY-2 LS-44 Kingpin (9200) Pennlinks II Penncross LSD@5% Mean 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.5 4.5 0.8 Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  48. New Creeping Bentgrass Cultivar Mean Quality Rutgers Tyee (SRX 1GD) 7.5 Shark (23R) Mt. View 6.6 CY-2 Snow Brand 6.6 Lesco Authority (ended year down)6.6 Penn G-2 6.6 MacKenzie 6.4 Penn G-6 6.1 007 (DSB) 6.0 Penn A-2 6.0 Simplot T-1 5.8 (BP, CS) DLF IS AP 9 5.7 Links Seed LS-44 5.6 Penn A-4 5.4 Scotts Memorial 5.3 Barenbrug Bengal 5.2 Cultivar Century SR 1119 Pennington 13-M L-93 Simplot Alpha Imperial Kingpin ( 9200) Pennlinks II Penneagle Crenshaw Pennlinks TMI Benchmark DSR Mean Quality Rutgers 5.0 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.2 3.9 LSD@5% 0.7 Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  49. New Creeping Bentgrasses Alpha and T-1 T-1 dark blue-green color T-1 high density Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

  50. New Creeping Bentgrasses Kingpin and MacKenzie MacKenzie brighter green, Kingpin blue- green. Seed Research of Oregon Improving Turfgrass through Research

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