Parking pricing and management

1. Parking pricing and management

2. Parking policy • Problems – negative impacts • Typical policy development • Policy conflicts • What do local authorities control? • Regulating and enforcing on-street parking • Off-street parking • Effect of parking on economic vitality • Park and ride • Gaining acceptance for parking policy • Some conclusions

3. Structure of seminar • At the end of today’s class you should have an understanding of: • Some definitions • Parking – positive and negative impacts • Typical policy development, and policy conflicts • What do local authorities control? • Regulating and enforcing on-street parking • Off-street parking – types, costs, control, uses • Effect of parking on economic vitality • Park and ride • Gaining public acceptance for parking policy • Lecture and tutorials to get you working with the material

4. Some definitions On-street Private non-residential (PNR) Pay and display parking meter Public off-street (can be in parking structures) Public off-street

5. Positive impacts of parking policy • Has an impact on mode share • Can support local economic development • Major revenue earner • Improves road safety • Influences car ownership

6. Negative impacts of parking • Effect of on street parking (and parking search) on: • congestion, • road safety • environment • blocking bus lanes and stops; footways and crossings • Off-street: • Construction costs and space used • Surface - €3k/space • Structure – €15-20k/space • Underground - €25k/space upwards • Peak car journeys induced – esp. by PNR

7. Task • For your town or city, what are the key problems and issues related to parking? • Take 10 minutes working with your neighbour to think about this. • Then we will discuss this, to look for commonalities – and differences.

8. Policy conflicts • Economic vitality Demand/congestion management ? Safety/ accessibility Revenue raising

9. Typical development of a parking policy • From COST 342 (especially relevant to on-street policy) • Stage 1 – no problems, • Stage 2 – as demand > supply, regulations introduced • Stage 3 - demand further increases – time limits introduced to favour short stay shoppers, visitors • Stage 4 – commuters pushed further out – conflict with residents – residents’ zones introduced • Stage 5 – more and more differentiation of parking tariffs • Stage 6 – park and ride. • Stage 7 – inclusion of parking in mobility management

10. What do local authorities control? • They control: • Regulation of on-street parking • (In a few countries) enforcement of on-street parking • Parking standards for new development • Public off-street car parks that they own and/or run • Car parks for their own staff • BUT they don’t control: • PNR and residential parking, once built • Public off-street car parks that they don’t own and/or run • (In most countries) enforcement of on-street parking – including setting fines and collecting money

11. So… parking policies to manage demand

12. Local authorities across Europe have powers Can take time to implement Consultation Regulating/enforcing on-street parking • Enforcement powers • Differences across Europe • Trend (?) from police to local authority • Parking low priority for police and courts • E.g. of UK decriminalised parking system

13. Some on-street parking prices • Fee per hour (€) (2002) Vienna 0.87 Brussels 0.50 Paris 1.00 – 3.00 Lyon 1.50 – 5.00 Bremen 0.60 – 1.50 Cologne 1.00 – 2.00 Stuttgart 0.20 – 2.00 Munich 2.00 – 2.50 Dublin 1.00 – 1.90 Amsterdam 1.60 - 2.50 Maastricht 1.40 Lisbon 0.50 Madrid 0.60 – 1.20 Barcelona 0.90 – 1.20 Edinburgh 1.20 – 3.00 Central London 7.00

14. Public off-street vs private off-street (PNR) Major industry – who controls it? Prices – should be • < on-street? • Higher per hour for longer stays Off-street parking • Who builds off-street public parking? Who pays for it? How much does it cost? • Off-street parking for residents? • e.g. Lyon

15. Parking and economic vitality • Does more parking lead to a better economy? • Does less parking lead to a worse economy? • What role does parking play in: • Where shoppers choose to shop? • Where companies choose to locate? • Are certain traders more dependent on parking than others?

16. Park and ride 1 • Why build park and ride? • 1970-1990 220% growth in P+R sites and 337% increase in P+R spaces in “Europe” (COST 342) • Successful P+R needs: • Frequent fast (cheap) public transport to centre • Lack of parking in centre • Easy road access to car park • High quality secure facilities • % of demand will come from trips previously made completely by PT • Unofficial P+R?

17. Park and ride 2 • Effects of P+R on traffic (COST 342) • Vienna – P+R takes 12% of city centre-bound traffic • Chester – 20% • Madrid – 20,000 users per day; Barcelona, 12,000; Hanover, 10,000. • Strasbourg – P+R key element in success of tram line. 43% of motorised trips now made by public transport. • Oxford, UK – 3-9% reduction in city-centre bound traffic.

18. Parking standards for new development • = amount of parking provided with new buildings • Catering for demand or controlling demand? • Relating parking provision to public transport accessibility • Catering for specific users e.g. disabled, parents, cyclists • Should there be central government guidance on parking standards? • Response of developers to constraints on parking provision

19. PPG13 Parking standards (UK) • These are maximum standards • Food retail 1 space per 14m2 • Non food retail 1 space per 20m2 • Cinemas and conference facilities 1 space per 5 seats • B1 including offices 1 space per 30m2 = 1 space per 2-3 staff • Higher and further education - 1 space per 2 staff + 1 space per 15 students • Stadia 1 space per 15 seats • Residential (PPG3) max 1.5 spaces/house

20. Parking standards elsewhere • Europe moving towards maximum standards…

21. Parking and mobility management • Mobility management – use of “soft” measures to get more out of transport system • Parking – manages mobility • Mobility management should include: • Parking/park and ride information • Parking management at large employers and at events • Links between parking pricing/payment and public transport pricing/payment

22. Implementing workplace parking management • Need for clear objectives and recognition of a problem • Process of implementing charge • Levels of charge, exemption from them • Enforcement • Employees’ contracts • Administration • Use of charge • Overspill • When parking charging or rationing implemented as part of site-based mobility management, need to take into account:

23. Gaining acceptance for parking policy • Communication of changes and reasons for them • Public know and understand the measures. • Perceived benefit • fees and other regulations related to size of problem. • Alternative transport exists to a good standard. • Revenue used fairly and transparently • Parking regulations enforced consistently and fairly, • Fines not excessive and related to seriousness of the offence

24. Conclusions • Parking - key determinant of mode choice • Parking - key feature of urban transport policy • Parking provision - should be controlled and related to accessibility by other modes? • Link between parking and economic vitality – complex and unclear • PNR can be addressed with political will • Controlled zones can bring big local benefits • Park and ride needs careful evaluation

25. Task • Read the summary of the conclusions from COST 342. • Think – ready to discuss: • Are these conclusions relevant to your town and city? • Are there conclusions missing? • How would you go about implementing the recommendations? • What barriers would you face in implementing the recommendations?

26. Task • Work individually. • You are responsible for the parking policy of your own town or city. • For your city/town, you have to develop an outline of a parking strategy. You have 45 minutes to do this. In it, you must consider: • What are the most problematic issues? • What policies will you choose to implement, and why? • What will be the biggest barriers to implementing policy – and how might you try to overcome these? • Are there any problems/issues that you won’t be able to address effectively? • What further information do you need to be able to make effective decisions?