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Responses to the rise of the west

Mr. Millhouse – AP World History – Hebron High School. Responses to the rise of the west. The Challenge. Industrial revolution. Increased manufacturing = need for new markets Increased manufacturing = need for raw materials

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Responses to the rise of the west

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  1. Mr. Millhouse – AP World History – Hebron High School Responses to the rise of the west

  2. The Challenge

  3. Industrial revolution • Increased manufacturing = need for new markets • Increased manufacturing = need for raw materials • Increased manufacturing = challenge to existing manufacturing centers (Middle East, India, etc.)

  4. New Western ideas • Capitalism • Free enterprise • Free market • Free trade • The Enlightenment • Popular Sovereignty • Representative Government • Personal Freedoms • Nationalism

  5. Imperialism

  6. The event

  7. Ottoman: Napoleon invades Egypt

  8. Russia: Crimean war

  9. China: Opium war

  10. China: The Opium War Lin Zexu destroying opium. In the summer of 1839, Lin Zexu confiscated and destroyed 2.6 million pounds of opium. It took 500 laborers 22 days to destroy all of the opium.

  11. China: Opium war

  12. Japan: Arrival of Matthew Perry

  13. Mexico: several issues

  14. The response: Modernization

  15. Get rid of old institutions holding you back • Modernize the military • Improve infrastructure • RAILROADS! • May need foreign investment • Industrialize • Take advantage of natural resources! • May need foreign investment • “Westernize” your government Aspects of Modernization

  16. Early reforms of Selim III (1789-1807) resisted by Janissaries • Janissaries slaughtered by Mahmud II in 1826 • Tanzimat Reforms • Modernize military and bureaucracy • University education focusing on math & science • Western technology (telegraphs, railroads, etc.) • Constitution of 1876 • Industrialization slowed by climate, government monopolies, etc. Ottoman: Tanzimat Reforms

  17. Reforms of Muhammad Ali • Modernize the military • Manufactured weapons • Emphasize cotton production • Financed by Britain bankers • Built railroads • Successors • Suez Canal • Led to British making Egypta protectorate Egypt: Industrialization

  18. Emancipation of serfs • Helped create urban labor force • Modernize military • Trans-Siberian railroad • Count Witte (1892-1903) • Promoted industry & banking • Encouraged foreign investment • Heavy Industry • 4th in steel; 2nd in oil Russia: Industrialization

  19. China: Self-Strengthening movement • Modernized the military • Depended upon British and French investment • Built railroads • MiningandTextiles • Government regulated • Merchants given additional freedoms • No major political or social reforms

  20. Japan: Meiji Restoration • Abolish feudal order • Daimyo and samurai class abolished • Constitutional government • Constitution of 1889 • Established constitutional monarchy with legislature • Suffrage limited—only 5% could vote in 1890

  21. Japanese industrialization • Modernize the military, infrastructure, communication, education, etc. • Zaibatsu • Combination of state initiative and private investment • Consolidates economic power into the hands of a few powerful families • Vertical monopolies • Mitsubishi and Mitsui • Many companies started by men of samurai origins Japan: Industrialization

  22. Japanese Economic Growth

  23. Mexico: la Reforma • Started by Benito Juarez (1858-1872) • Tried to limit power of landowners and Catholic church • New liberal constitution • Attempts at land reform fail • 50% of rural population landless by 1910 • Larger gap between creoles and mestizos/natives

  24. Porfirio Diaz (1876-1910) • Built railroads • Integrates regional economy • Improved banking system • Focused on oil & mining • Depended on foreign investment • U.S. investment • 30 million pesos in 1885 • 1 billion pesos in 1910 Mexico: Industrialization

  25. Additional Reactions to Challenges & Responses

  26. Conservatives • Janissaries • Abdul Hamid • Ulama and Qadis • Nationalists • Young Turks • Religious Movements • Madhist Revolt • Millenarianism Ottoman & Egyptian Reactions

  27. Conservatives • Kulaks (land owners) • Certain tsars • Liberals • Intelligentsia • Radicals • Anarchists • Socialists & Communists • Bolshevik Party Russian Reactions

  28. Conservatives • Scholar-gentry • Dowager Empress Cixi • Religious Movements • Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) • Caused by a myriad of problems • Natural disasters, economic collapse, government corruption and the defeat in the Opium War, growing Anti-Manchu sentiment, etc. • Led by Hong Xiuquan Chinese Reactions

  29. Taiping Rebellion Hong Xiuquan’s army was able to seize 44 Chinese cities including the Southern capital of Nanjing ( above)

  30. Nationalism • Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901) • Anti-Imperialist movement • Backed by Qing government • Put down by Western powers • Nationalist Party • Led by Sun Yatsen • Modeled after Western ideas • Liberal government • Nation-state • Social Reforms Chinese Reactions

  31. Conservatives • European intervention • Maximilian von Hapsburg • Catholic Church • Threaten to excommunicate anyone who follows La Reforma • Landowners • Radicals • Middle class called for electoral reform • Poor (mostly natives) form general uprising Mexico

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