Rise of The Latin West, 1200-1500

1. Rise of The Latin West, 1200-1500 By: John Ermer AP World History Miami Beach Senior High School

2. Europe, A.D. 1200

3. European Society • Society divided by gender and class • Most belonging to lowest class—serfs • 15-30 serf families support one noble household • Rapid population growth b/w 1100-1345 • Three-field rotation increases food production, agricultural revolution

4. Death and Change • Black Death kills 2/3 of European population • 1400: population returns to pre-plague levels, surpasses by 1500 • Higher labor costs/pay • Land ownership increases • Civil unrest and decrease in religious faith • Economy shrinks, but per-capita production increases • Animals not affected, meat and leather supply increases • Serfdom decreases significantly • Product prices drop • Use of technology increases to make up for lost labor • Water wheels and mills • Mining increases • Deforestation as industry increases

5. Urban Revival • Emergence of great European cities • Throughout Middle Ages, European cities were small and poor • Italian trading cities emerge (Venice, Genoa, Milan, Florence) • Northern European Hanseatic League (Baltic Sea) • Champagne trading fairs • Independence of trading cities allows them to change with market conditions faster than eastern rivals • Industrial production increases, spreads • Guilds • Growing wealthy class of bankers (Medici family) • Poverty common in cities • Gothic Cathedrals

9. Grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy all taught to first year students

10. Medieval Architecture Early Christian: (top center) Long rectangular shape used in Roman basilicas, utilizing a flat roof. Romanesque: (top right) Uses the same Roman basilica style as earlier churches, but with rounded, vaulted ceilings Gothic: (bottom right) Uses flying buttresses to prop up taller buildings, giving them the illusion of upward movement.

11. Declining Church Power • 1300: Kings tired of Papal claims of supremacy • King Philip IV of France wants to tax clergy • Pope Boniface VIII says not without his approval • King sends troops to arrest pope, bring to trial • Boniface dies, King Philip fixes the papal election • Clement V, a Frenchman, elected pope, lives in Avignon • Popes live in Avignon from 1305-1377 • 1377: Pope Gregory XI returns papacy to Rome

12. “Here reign the successors of the poor fisherman of Galilee; they have strangely forgotten their origin. I am astounded…to see these men loaded with gold and clad in purple, boasting of the spoils of princes and nations.”~Petrarch, Italian Poet

13. The Great Schism (1378-1417) • Gregory XI dies shortly after return to Rome • Cardinals chose an Italian pope, Urban VI, but French cardinals elect a French pope in Avignon • Now, two popes compete for power/leadership • King of France and allies support Avignon’s pope • King of England and allies support Rome’s pope • People lose faith in both popes and church • 1417: Council of Constance, new pope elected • John Hus: Czech reformer, convicted of heresy • Causes uprising in Bohemia until 1436 • 1400: Pope loses fight for supremacy over state

14. Holy Roman Empire • As the Church loses power, it prevents other rivals from rising • 926: Otto I named Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII • Emperors attempt to conquer Italy against Pope’s wishes • Investiture Controversy (Contest) • Pope Gregory VIII calls for end of lay investiture • Prevent Holy Roman emperors from naming church leaders in Germany • Emperor Henry IV challenges, German princes rebel • Princes win more power within Empire with the help of Pope • Fredrick I Barbarossa pushes into northern Italy • Coalition of Italian city-states, backed by Pope, force Fredrick back

16. Capetian France & Norman England • 987: Hugh Capet elected by French nobles to replace last Carolingian king, but controls only small area around Paris • Powerful lords limit the power of the Capet • 987-1300: Capetian kings slowly gain in power, centralize government • Norman lords form a highly centralized state in northern France • Decedents of Vikings, Normans disregard loyalty to Capetian kings, retain land • Normans begins do expand throughout Europe, rise as political/military leaders • 1066: Duke William of Normandy invades England • William “the Conqueror” crowned King William I of England • England rises as centralized threat to Capetian France

18. The Hundred Years’ War • 1300: England still owns small piece of land in France, Duchy of Gascony • English king (Edward III), as Duke of Gascony, was a vassal of the French king (Philip VI) • 1337: Philip invades Gascony to cede into realm • Edward declares war on France, lasts until 1453 • Peasant foot-soldiers outshine mounted knights • English use more foot-soldiers than French, and also equip soldiers with longbows • French use crossbows at first

19. Battles of Crécy & Agincourt • 1346: Battle of Crécy: French attack with no plan, slaughtered by English longbows • English not strong enough to conquer all of France • King Henry V of England keeps trying • 1415: Battle of Agincourt heavily armored French noblemen get stuck in muddy battle field—1,500 die—England controls N. France

20. King Charles V of France loses hope Young, religious woman named Joan convinces King Charles to let her follow army to Orléans Joan’s faith powers French to victory 1430: Captured by English, convicted of witchcraft Joan’s faith reenergized the French army, and they easily won battles in Aquitaine and Normandy; French win war in 1453 The invention of the cannon also responsible for eventual French victory Joan of Arc

21. The Italian City-States & Muslim Spain • Italy is not united state, but collection of small and large states • Central Italy • The Papal States exercise political influence throughout Central Italy • Pope acts as king of the Papal States • The Italian City-States • Florence, Bologna, Genoa, Milan, and Venice • Venetian Confederation most dominant state, powerful navy • Southern Italy • Byzantine and Muslim states claim southern Italy and Sicily • Norman merchants conquer southern Italy, bring Roman Catholic Christianity • Lay foundation for rise of Kingdom of Naples • Christian & Muslim Spain • Competing Christian kingdoms attempt to unify northern Spain • Ummayad caliphs losing grip on power

22. The Spanish Reconquista • Aragon & Castile two most powerful kingdoms • Isabella of Castile marries Ferdinand of Aragon, work together to strengthen Spanish monarchy • Spanish religious conformity= Catholic nation • 1492: Jews kicked out of Spain • 1502: Muslims kicked out of Spain • Both Jews and Muslims who wish to stay in Spain must convert to Christianity (Catholicism)

23. La Rendición de Granada The Capitulation of Granada, by Francisco Pradilla y Ortiz (1882)

24. Western Europe’s Recovery • Kings in England, France and Spain have trouble producing male heirs • Nobles fight to replace dying dynasties • New dynasties establish “new monarchies” • France’s kings use new national pride to gain power, expand taxes and control • War of the Roses b/w nobles and English king • Henry Tudor becomes new king (Henry VII) • Abolishes nobles’ private armies • Lessened taxes on subjects, people happy with rule