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Indochina

Indochina. 1800’s – French colonize Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam. France. WWI and WWII – busy with wars so can’t hold on to colonies After WWI Vietnamese want self-determination but it isn’t granted Late 1930’s – the balance of power shifts and Japan takes over Vietnam. 1945.

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Indochina

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  1. Indochina • 1800’s – French colonize Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam

  2. France • WWI and WWII – busy with wars so can’t hold on to colonies • After WWI Vietnamese want self-determination but it isn’t granted • Late 1930’s – the balance of power shifts and Japan takes over Vietnam

  3. 1945 • During WWII Vietnam is held by the Japanese • after the war the Japanese pull out • WWII ends • France wants Vietnam back • French/Vietnamese clashes • Japanese occupy Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia • Japanese transfer power to Vietminh (North Vietnamese communist party)

  4. 1946 • France reinstalls its colonial apparatus in Vietnam • Violates agreement to have referendum on uniting Vietnam • Negotiations with Ho Chi Minh, leader of the Vietminh, break down, and war between France and the Vietminh begins.

  5. Bao Dai, leader in exile from Vietnam, and the French President sign an agreement making Vietnam an “associated state” within the French Union. France retains control of Vietnam’s defense and finances. Ho Chi Minh declares the Democratic Republic of Vietnam the only legal government. Recognized by USSR and China. China provides weapons to Vietminh. Not surprisingly, US and Great Britain recognize Bao Dai’s government in South Vietnam. 1949 1950 1949 1950 South North

  6. 1950 North Korea invades South Korea Propping up Dominoes: President Truman grants $15 million in military aid to France for war in Indochina. Towards the war’s end, US is supplying up to 80% of France’s war needs.

  7. 1953 France grants Laos full independence, and Vietminh forces push into Laos soon after.

  8. 1954 • French are defeated at Dien Bien Phu. Vietminh force France to leave North Vietnam, and Vietnam is partitioned.

  9. In response to the French defeat, President Eisenhower outlined the Domino Theory

  10. 1954 The French pull out and the US sends “advisors” to train the southern armies Who were these “advisors”?

  11. 1954 • “Advisors” = gung-ho military guys who want to fight • They lead a group into battle and they’re fighting and there are casualties • Letters sent home saying that they died in an accident but it was battle • This is why some historians date the war’s beginning to 1954

  12. Viet Cong • The name began appearing in Saigon newspapers in 1956 • U.S. soldiers referred to the Vietcong as Victor Charlie or V-C. • "Charlie" referred to communist forces in general, both Vietcong and North Vietnamese.

  13. US builds airfields, begins bombing VC targets in South Vietnam Airfields are attacked; US sends in Marines and other troops to protect airfields. Begin search and destroy missions to extend perimeter and keep VC from infiltrating. US takes over a larger and larger role in the war.

  14. Keep in Mind • World War II • clear objective • get to Berlin • soldiers as heroes • Vietnam • at war for nearly 40 years • 3 generations • no clear objective • soldiers as “baby killers”

  15. We are “advising” form 1954 – 1965 • Deaths starting to pile up • The deaths are not legitimate • How to explain them? • We’re fighting a war but we haven’t declared war

  16. 1955 • Diem defeats Bao Dai in rigged election and proclaims himself President of Republic of Vietnam. US supports him. Ngo Dinh Diem

  17. 1957 Communist insurgent activity in South Vietnam begins.

  18. 1959 • North Vietnamese begin infiltrating cadres and weapons into South Vietnam via the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia. • becomes a strategic target for future military attacks • Diem orders crackdown on communists, dissidents.

  19. Rows of Agent Orange containers ready to be sprayed over Vietnam (image obtained from the US National Archives). 1962 • US Air Force begins using Agent Orange to expose roads and trails used by Vietcong forces • a defoliant that came in metal orange containers • Use of napalm is also widespread • incendiary mixture

  20. Spraying agent orange

  21. 1962 • Diem palace bombed in coup attempt. • Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield reports back to JFK from Saigon his opinion that Diem had wasted the two billion dollars America had spent there.

  22. 1963 • With tacit approval of the United States, operatives within the South Vietnamese military overthrow and assassinate Diem.

  23. 1963 • JFK is assassinated. Malcolm X remarks that this is “chickens coming home to roost.” • referring to our attempts to kill Castro and our complicity in the killing of Patrice Lumumba in the Congo and Diem in South Vietnam

  24. 1964 • Alleged attack on American Destroyer Maddox in the Tonkin Gulf. • LBJ uses this incident to gain nearly unanimous resolution giving him power to escalate war in SE Asia • essentially sanctioning what the US is already doing. Gulf of Tonkin Photograph taken from USS Maddox (DD-731) during her engagement with three North Vietnamese motor torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin, 2 August 1964. The view shows all three of the boats speeding towards the Maddox.

  25. 1965 • March 8th two marine battalions sent to defend Danang airfields • supposedly the first American combat troops in Vietnam • Sustained American bombing raids of North Vietnam begin • nearly continuous air raids go on for three years

  26. 1965 • The first conventional battle of the Vietnam War takes place • American forces clash with North Vietnamese units in Ia Drang Valley. • By December, there are about 200,000 US troops in Vietnam

  27. Conventional?!Techniques of Vietnam War • Guerilla warfare • War of attrition • wearing down or weakening resistance, often as a result of continuous pressure or harassment

  28. Marines of Company H walk through a punji-staked gully, January 28, 1966. http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/vietnam-photos/images/company-h.gif

  29. May 15, 1965 • First large scale Teach-In on the Vietnam War. • debate with pro and con sides • arguing various points on our foreign policy • what was our purpose in Southeast Asia • Washington D.C. 3,000 students and professors • broadcast via closed circuit to over 100 college campuses throughout the U.S.

  30. 1966 • Veterans from WW I and II and the Korean War stage a protest rally in New York City.

  31. 1967 • The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) issues a report claiming that the US military draft places "a heavy discriminatory burden on minority groups and the poor."

  32. Posters 1967

  33. “Somehow this madness must cease. We must stop now. I speak as a child of God and brother to the suffering poor of Vietnam. I speak for those whose land is being laid waste, whose homes are being destroyed, whose culture is being subverted. I speak of the -- for the poor of America who are paying the double price of smashed hopes at home, and death and corruption in Vietnam. I speak as a citizen of the world, for the world as it stands aghast at the path we have taken. I speak as one who loves America, to the leaders of our own nation: The great initiative in this war is ours; the initiative to stop it must be ours.” MLK April 4, 1967

  34. 1967 Khe Sanh

  35. 1967 Khe Sanh • General Westmoreland sends 5,000 marines to fortify the base as a “tethered goat” • to provoke attacks by the North Vietnamese • quickly encircled, rocketed and shelled daily • weather and damage to the airfield limit resupply and removal of wounded • The battle escalates • LBJ eventually authorizes (or orders) the intensive bombing of North Vietnam around Khe Sanh

  36. Westmoreland vs. McNamara • Dueling Updates • 1967 • Which is the True War Story? • General Westmoreland testifies that we are winning the war • VietCong and North Vietnamese on the run • Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara testifies that we are not winning the war • US bombing raids against NVN have not achieved their objectives • movement of supplies to SVN has not been reduced, and neither the economy nor the morale of the North Vietnamese has been broken

  37. 1967 US troop strength approaches 500,000 by year’s end

  38. 1968 Tet Offensive TURNING POINT IN THE WAR • North Vietnamese and Vietcong forces sweep down on several key cities in South Vietnam, including the capital, Saigon • catches the US military off guard • within days, American forces turn back the attack and recapture most areas. • Militarily, Tet is a huge defeat for the Communists • Politically and psychologically, it is a victory

  39. Posters 1968

  40. 1968 • Popularity for anti-war politicians, such as McCarthy, Humphrey, and Nixon, surges "Be clear where America stands. Human brotherhood and equal opportunity for every man, woman, and child, we are committed to it, in America and around the world." HH Humphrey 1967

  41. 1968 Hue • Hue was the country’s cultural capital • blend of French and Vietnamese influence • The Imperial City • Retained the glory of Vietnam’s past while its universities educated Vietnam’s brightest minds for the future. • Hue was a symbol of everything the Vietnamese people admired and respected • for this reason, it was spared the terrible effects of war—until Tet 1968 • When Hue was captured by Communist forces http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDy0Z3HSkTE CBS News

  42. 1968 Battle for Hue • One of the bloodiest and longest battles of the War • TheArmy of the Republic of VietnamandU.S. Marine Corpsattacked and defeatedPeople's Army of Vietnam(PAVN) andNational Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam(NLF, VietCong) • Hue was nearly leveled in the battle • nearly all of its population left homeless • After battle, mass graves were discovered • people executed during the Communistoccupation

  43. Before After

  44. The DarkShadowof Both Sides • American and South Vietnamese soldiers later discovered that North Vietnamese Army/VCleaders rounded up South Vietnamese teachers and government officials and killed them. • Hue Massacre • the NVA/VC murdered nearly 3,000 residents of Hue and buried them in a mass grave • Two weeks after the battle for Hue ended,U.S. forcescommitted the most publicized, talked about, and politicized atrocity of the Vietnam War, the My Lai Massacre.

  45. 1968 My Lai Massacre • On March 16, the angry and frustrated men of Charlie Company, entered the village of My Lai. "This is what you've been waiting for -- search and destroy -- and you've got it," said their superior officers.

  46. 1968 • Lt. William Calley ordered his men to enter the village firing, though there had been no report of opposing fire • The "search and destroy" mission degenerated into the massacre of over 300 unarmed civilians • old men were bayoneted, praying women and children were shot in the back of the head, and at least one girl was raped and then killed • Calley rounded up a group of villagers, ordered them into a ditch, and mowed them down in a fury of machine gun fire

  47. SP5 Capezza burning a dwelling SP4 Dustin setting fire to a dwelling Lt William Calley

  48. Seymour Hersh • Word of the atrocities did not reach the American public until November 1969 • Journalist Seymour Hersh published a story detailing his conversations with Vietnam veteran Ron Ridenhour • Ridenhour learned of the events at My Lai from members of Charlie Company who had been there • Before speaking with Hersh, Ridenhour had appealed to Congress, the White House, and the Pentagon to investigate the matter • When news of the atrocities surfaced, it sent shockwaves through the US political establishment, the military's chain of command, and an already divided American public. Seymour Hersh is also the journalist who uncovered the torture at Abu Ghraib

  49. 1969 • In an effort to destroy Communist supply routes and base camps in Cambodia, President Nixon gives the go-ahead to "Operation Breakfast." • Covert bombing of Cambodia conducted without the knowledge of Congress or the American public • continues for over a year

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