Viruses are on the borderline between living and non-living
Bacteriophage Influenza Virus
Influenza Virus Replicating
Bacteria (Monera) are prokaryotes
Spherical shaped bacteria Cocci (sore throat) Rod shaped bacteria Bacilli (thypoid) Bent bacteria Vibrio (cholera) Spiral shaped bacteria Spirillum (syphilis)
Culturing Bacteria • Obtain a petri dish containing sterile nutrient agar. Keep the lid on whenever possible. • Sterilise a wire loop by passing it quickly through a small bunsen flame. • Using a sterile swab, place it at the end of the wire loop and wipe your desk to check if there are bacteria there). • Make a zig zag streak on the surface of the agar in the new petri dish. • Place the lid on the petri dish and seal it with tape. • Place the petri dish in an incubator at 37oC or over a warm water bath over a bunsen burner (the water bath must be kept at around 37oC and not more). • After a day or two examine the dish to see if any bacteria have grown.
Bacteria replicate every 20 minutes. So after 20 minutes there will be 2 Bacteria. After 40 minutes there will be 4 Bacteria After one hour there will be 8 Bacteria After one hour 20 minutes there Will be 16 bacteria After one hour 40 minutes there will Be 32 bacteria. After two hours there will be 64 Bacteria.
Protists are unicellular eukaryotes (protozoans and protophyta)
Fungi have hyphae instead of cells.
Lichens • A relationship between plants and fungi.
Plants are multicellular photosynthetic
Mosses (Bryophytes)- no vascular bundles
Ferns (Pteridiophytes) have fronds with sori
Conifers (Gymnosperms) have naked seeds in cones
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) have flowers
Animals are multicellular holozoic
Cnidarians have stinging cells e.g. jellyfish Radial symmetry
Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) long, flat, body e.g. tapeworm Bilateral symmetry
Round worms (Nematodes) long, round, body e.g. Ascaris Radial symmetry
Segmented Worms (Annelids) long round segmented body e.g. Earthworm Radial symmetry
Molluscs soft unsegmented body e.g. octopus Bilateral symmetry
Arthropods exoskeleton jointed limbs Insects, Crustaceans, Myriapods, Arachnids Bilateral symmetry
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta
Characteristics of Insects: • Exoskeleton • Jointed appendages • Head, thorax and abdomen In the phylum Chordata, the class amphibians (frog) performs metamorphosis
Echinoderms spiny skin e.g. sea urchin
Phylum Chordata includes 5 classes: Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals
Phylum Chordata • Fish and Amphibians and Reptiles are cold blooded. • Birds and Mammals are warm blooded.
Class Fish • Breathe using gills. • Covered with scales.
Class Amphibians • Can live part of their lives on land and part in water. • Grow by metamorphosis e.g. frog hatches from egg, becomes tadpole, and grows into a frog.
Class Reptiles • Hard scaly skin.
Class Birds • Covered with feathers
Class Mammals • Have mammary glands and suckle their youngs with milk • Have their body covered with hair or fur.
Soppa • Butternut squash, tewm, werqa randa, 2 imgharef butir, basla, patata, zunnarija, 6 kikkri stokk tat-tigieg, nocemuskata, melh u bzar.
Majjal • 2 sinniet tewm, spinaci, tadam imqadded, habaq u klin, gobon artab, krema light, 300ml stokk tat-tigiega, qoxra ta’ lumija u l-meraq, 2 kuccarini mustarda dijon. • Qatta pocket fil-majjal, • Imlieh • Aqlih fil-butir • Ahmi fil-forn • Zalza: stokk tat-tigieg, meraq tal-lumi, mustarda, qoxra tal-lumija.
ghagin • Butir, basla, zalzett tal-majjal, tadam polpa, krema friska, nocemuskata, parmegjan, gewz, saghtar u cayenne.
