270 likes | 732 Vues
Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750-1870 Chapter 24. Changes and Exchanges in Africa. New Africa States. Drought hit coastlands of southeastern Africa Conflict over grazing Zulu led by Shaka New national identity and new kingdom Neighboring states Swaziland and Lesotho.
E N D
Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750-1870Chapter 24
New Africa States • Drought hit coastlands of southeastern Africa • Conflict over grazing • Zulu led by Shaka • New national identity and new kingdom • Neighboring states • Swaziland and Lesotho
West Africa • Islam purity • Jihad • Largest states in Hausa • Sokoto Caliphate (1809-1906) • Centers of learning • Slavery • Seclusion of women
Modernization in Egypt and Ethiopia • Egypt, Muhammad Ali (r.1805-1848) • Raised military strength by requiring Egyptian peasants to cultivate ____ and other crops for export. • Ismail • Focused on westernization • Railroads, Cairo • How did he fund programs? • When the market for cotton collapse after the Civil War, France and England ________
In the mid to late 19th century Ethiopian kings reconquered territory that had been lost since the sixteenth century, purchased modern European ______, and began to manufacture _____ locally. • An attempt to hold British officials captive led to a temporary British occupation in the 1860s, but the British withdrew and the modernization program continued.
European Penetration • In 1830 France invaded Algeria • It took ___ years for France to defeat Algerian resistance • Muslim holy man Abd al-Qadir • By 1871 130,000 European settlers had taken possession of rich Algerian farmland. • Peaceful expeditions: • David Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley, and other explorers traced the courses of the Nile, the Zambezi, and Congo rivers.
Abolition and Legitimate Trade • In 1808 activities of Britain and United States prohibited their citizens from participating in the slave trade. This was a result of: • British navy • Cuba and Brasil • “Legitimate Trade” • Gold • Palm oil • Jaja
Suppression of slave trade led to Western cultural influences in Africa. • Missionaries • Sierra Leone • African Americans • Liberia
Secondary Empires in Eastern Africa • East African markets • Slave trade supplied from North Africa and Middle East • Zanzibar Island • Slave trade • Ivory trade • Cloves • “Secondary Empires” • Tippu Tip • Western demand for ivory • Weapons • Muhammad Ali • slaves
Company Men • Mughal Empire in 18th century was defeated by Iranian armies. • Nawabs became de facto rulers of independent states • “Company Men” est. trading posts and hired sepoys for protection. • British East Indian Company pushed out French and forced the Mughal to recognize the Company and became the “Bombay Presidency”
Raj and Rebellion, 1818-1857 • The British “raj” • Administrative and social reform • Support Indian social and religious customs • Contradiction • Before 1850s the English created a government that relied on sepoy military power that: • Disarmed Indian warriors • Christian missionaries • Private land ownership • “traditional” rituals
British political and economic influence benefited Indian elites while bringing new _______ to the poor and causing the collapse of the _____ industry. • Sepoy Rebellion 1857 • Severe British shock
Political Reform and Industrial Impact • 1857-58 the British eliminated the last traces of the Mughal and Company rule. • London • Princes in luxury • Durbars • Indian Civil Service • Expand production • Agricultural commodities • Irrigation systems • Railroads • Telegraph lines • Spread of cholera led to new ____ systems.
Rising Indian Nationalism • Failure of the 1857 rebellion led to a new way for Indians to achieve control of their destiny. • Pan-Indian nationalism • Rammouhan Roy and his “Brahmo Smaj” movement • Western secular values • Reform traditional abuses of women • Western nationalism that transcended religious differences.
First Indian National Congress in 1885 • National unity • Civil Service
Colonies and Commerce • What allowed British to expand its control in South Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Caribbean? • The Cape Colony was valuable to Britain because of its strategic importance as a _______ on the route to India.
Afrikaners • “Great Trek”1836 and 1839 to found new colonies on the fertile high veld that had been depopulated by the Zulu wars. • Afrikaner’s Orange Free State • Transvaal • Southeast Asia • Thomas Raffles est. Singapore 1824 • Assam and Burma annexed 1826 and 1852 respectively
Imperial Policies and Shipping • Historians depict Britain as a reluctant empire builder, more interested in _____ than in acquiring territory. • Ports in a global shipping network for free trade • Exporters • Technological revolution • Use of iron • Canvas sails
Colonization of Australia and New Zealand • Portuguese mariners sighted Australia in the early seventeenth century. • James Cook surveyed New Zealand and eastern Australian coast 1769-1778. • New ships contributed to colonization of Australia and New Zealand by the British. • Disease • Aborigines • Maori
Australia • British convicts • Gold 1851 • New Zealand • Slow development until: • Gold 1860 • Maori defeated • Governing power turned over • Australia promoted= • New Zealand promoted= • Women suffrage 1894
New Labor Migrations • Between 1834 and 1870 large numbers of: Indians, Chinese, African, and Japanese went overseas as laborers in British colonies, Cuba, and Hawaii. • Mostly _____ • Why was demand for workers high? • Indentured servants • Generally much poorer than European emigrants