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Changes and Exchanges in Africa. . New Africa States. Zulu kingdom (Southern Africa)created by Shaka in 1818militaristiclethal weaponryallowed the Zulu people to fight for grazing and farming lands during a period of drought. . Shaka (r. 1818-1828)Expanded the kingdomRaided neighborsTook thei
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1. Africa, India, and the New British Empire1750-1870
Chapter 24
2. Changes and Exchanges in Africa
3. New Africa States Zulu kingdom (Southern Africa)
created by Shaka in 1818
militaristic
lethal weaponry
allowed the Zulu people to fight for grazing and farming lands during a period of drought
4. Shaka (r. 1818-1828)
Expanded the kingdom
Raided neighbors
Took their cattle
Took their women and children
Left many displaced refugees
Created a national identity
Grouped young people into regiments
Learned Zulu customs and military techniques
5. The neighbors
created their own states
Swaziland
To the north of the Zulu
Lesotho
In the highest mountains of southern Africa
both still exist
6. Sokoto Caliphate of West Africa (1809-1906)
1770s – Muslims wanted religious reform
Muslim jihad (holy war) to take over rural “pagan” lands in the savannas of West Africa
7. Islamic law was enforced
Hausa (now northern Nigeria)
Largest of the new reform movements
rulers were charged with being “unbelievers” because of polytheistic rituals
The region was taken by Muslim armies
Caliph reigned from Sokoto
Was the largest state in west Africa
Quranic schools
8. Sold some non-Muslim captives into the Atlantic and sub-Saharan slave trade others were heavily taxed
Lots of slaves in the Sokoto caliphate allowed free women to remain secluded in the home
9. Modernization in Egypt and Ethiopia Egypt
Muhammad Ali (1769-1849)
Successor to Napoleon’s rule
Built military strength to avoid another European invasion
Increased agricultural production
Created a modern administration and army
Set up state school system and a military college
10. To pay the bills
Required peasants to grow cotton
Modernized Egypt
Combined western technology with Islamic religious traditions
Population had doubled
Trade with Europe up by 600%
Textiles, paper, weapons, military uniforms
11. Ismail (r. 1863-1879)
Ali’s grandson
Made Egypt European
“My country is no longer in Africa, it is in Europe”
Exports doubled in the first decade of his rule
due to U.S. Civil War
New irrigation canals, railroads, postal service, and capital city in Cairo
The country goes into debt
After the Civil War ends
Became partially occupied by Britain and France
12. Ethiopia
Christian region that had been broken apart by Muslim invaders
Region reunited when King Menelik inherited the throne in 1889
Strong armies
Bought European weapons beginning in the 1840s
Domestic weapon manufacturing with the help of Protestant missionaries
13. European Penetration France and Algeria (in northern Africa)
Algeria had helped Napoleon defeat Egypt in the past by providing grain
Fr. failed to repay the debt
14. Fr. tried to invade in 1830 to increase the popularity of the French government with an easy overseas victory
Army of 100,000+
Destroyed farm animals, crops, and villages
Killed people by the tens of thousands
Exiled the Muslim resistance leader in Algeria
1871 – 130,000 Europeans living in Algeria
15. European exploration
private individuals exploring Africa
exploring rivers and jungles
assessing its mineral wealth
David Livingstone (1813-1873)
Scottish missionary and doctor
Scouting out locations for Christian Missions in southern and central Africa
Named Victoria Falls
16. Henry Morton Stanley (1841-1904)
Publicity stunt to find the “lost” Livingstone
Usually did not face hostility
17. Abolition and Legitimate Trade Trade between Africa and other Atlantic continents increased after exploration
doubled between 1730 and 1780
doubled again by 1870
before 1870 = mostly slaves
after 1870 = vegetable oils, gold, ivory, and other goods
18. Atlantic Slave trade
Coming to an end
Slave revolt in Saint Domingue, 1790s
Led to more slave revolts
Humanitarians and religious leaders pushed to end slavery
1808- Great Britain and the United States made importing slaves from Africa illegal for their citizens.
19. British became abolitionists
Naval patrol to enforce the ban
Spent $60 million to end the slave trade (as much as they ever profited from it)
Liberated 160,000 slaves
Drove prices up which encouraged some African rulers to continue to sell slaves
Trans-Atlantic slave trade ended in 1867
20. “legitimate” trade
Africans still wanted access to European goods
Exports other than slaves
Gold exports doubled
Palm oil, for making soap and candles
African traders bought slaves to support the palm oil industry
21. Great Britain took over Sierra Leone in 1808
Over 130,000 people were liberated from slavery and settled in Sierra Leone
Christian missionaries helped the recaptives
Many converted to Christianity
The Republic of Liberia was formed in 1821
Freed slaves from America returned to Africa
Brought western culture, especially after the emancipation of slaves in the U.S. in 1865
22. Secondary Empires in Eastern Africa British block the slave trade on the west coast
slave traders moved to the east coast
2/3 of these slaves went to North Africa or the middle east
slavery also increased in East Africa to work clove plantations
23. Ivory
also a money making trade item
men created personal empires from wealth obtained from ivory trade
these empires were “secondary” to the empire that Britain was creating in Africa
use of western rifles increased supply
these rifles were also used to kill villagers
24. India Under British Rule
25. Company Men Mughal empire weakens
1739 – Iranian forces sack Delhi
Indian states claim independence
Nawabs
Muslim princes controlled their own states
26. British, Dutch and French East India Companies
Set up trade posts and warehouses
Hired sepoys to protect them
The British EIC set up a trading post at Calcutta
Had permission of the nawab
New nawab had the men imprisoned and some died
Robert Clive overthrew the nawab
The Mughal Empire acknowledged Britain’s EIC right to rule Bengal
Br. held power in Calcutta, Madras and Bombay
see map on page 634
27. Raj and Rebellion, 1818-1857 British reign in India
powerful government
strong military
disarm Indian military
Christian missionaries
Private property
Easier for the state to collect taxes
“Westernization, Anglicization, and Modernization”
New “traditions”
28. Ordinary Indians
suffered
lower classes and women were oppressed by new taxes and “traditions”
manufacturing goes to Britain
India lost positions as #1 textile producer
local rebellions
29. Sepoys
loyalty is questioned
Many Sepoys upset that new people of other religions are joining there ranks
sepoys upset when a new rifle is introduced
had to use their teeth to open ammunition cartridges
dipped in animal fat
Hindus feel cattle are sacred
Muslims feel pigs are dirty
30. May 1857- March 1858; Sepoy Rebellion
joined by elites and peasants that rallied behind the Mughal Empire
Was the beginning of revolution
31. Political Reform and Industrial Impact 1858, end of Mughal Empire
British control increases
Indian princes kept their autonomy if they pledged allegiance to Queen Victoria
tradition and reform
32. British Viceroys
Lived in elaborate mansions
Had lots of servants
To show that they had power
Held durbars
strong bureaucracy
Indian Civil Service
Mostly British, eventually added some Indians
33. Br. spends more money
Grow new crops
Irrigation
Agricultural exports
India imported manufactured goods
Poverty was everywhere
India brought in new industrial technology
Railroads owned by the British, but run by Indians
Cholera epidemics in the late 1800s
Led to improvements in water works
34. Rising Indian Nationalism Idea to unify Indians
Rammohun Roy
From Bengal
Worked for the Br. EIC
Worked to change Hinduism
To get rid of caste system
To get rid of sati
To get rid of child marriage
35. Nationalists
came from the middle class
Indian National Congress 1885
wanted more Indians in civil service
reduction in military costs
promoted unity
36. Britain’s Eastern Empire
37. Colonies and Commerce 1795-1796, Br. occupied Dutch territories to keep them away from the French.
Afrikaners of South Africa were upset
some left on the great trek
created Orange Free State, Transvaal, and Natal colonies
38. The Br. continued on and took French territory in the Indian Ocean
British gained Singapore
Perfect place for Chinese trade
39. Imperial Policies and Shipping Br. gained a lot of colonies
reluctant, did not want more than they could control
Br. wanted to start free international trade
trade increased with areas that were not colonies
better ship technology encouraged this
clipper ships
40. Colonization of Australia and New Zealand Exploration of Australia
late 1700s
650,000 hunting an gathering people
vulnerable to unfamiliar diseases
by 1890, the British population outnumbered the indigenous population
41. British settlers
first colonists
763 convicts sent into exile from Britain
Discovery of gold in 1851
By 1860, 1 million immigrants
By 1875, 2 million
42. New Zealand
not settled as quickly
seal skins
whale hunting
Government
British encouraged them to be self governing
wanted to avoid conflicts like the American Revolution
indigenous people were excluded from govt. and voting
were moved to reservations
43. New Labor Migrations 1834-1870
Indians, Chinese, and Africans
went to labor overseas
thousands of Asians after 1870
linked to the end of slavery
need cheap labor force to compete with places like Cuba and Brazil
the impoverished people of India and other places were recruited
better ships made labor transport affordable
44. Contracts of Indenture
bound people to work for 5-7 years
in return for free passage
British Caribbean colonies required 40 women for every 100 men
To promote families