Heterotrophic nutrition

1. Nutrition: The taking in of materials an preparing for their use. It is the process by which organisms obtain food needed for growth, repair, energy and regulation. This includes digestion, absorption, utilization by cell respiration and egestion. Heterotrophic nutrition

2. Ingestion: The taking in of food Digestion: the breaking down of large molcules that are insoluble (to large to pass through the C.M.) into small soluble molecules 1. Extracellular digestion- occurs outside the cells of the organism (specialized digestive system). 2. Intracellular digestion – digestion that takes place in a food vacuole (utilizes lysosomes) In both cases, the end products of digestion (small and soluble) will pass into the cells by diffusion through the membrane. Nutrition’s 3 processes

3. 2 changes occur • Physical – results from the physical breakdown (chewing) of food. • ***results in an increase in surface area S.A. • Chemical – foods are broken down using chemicals (Enzymes) and results in end products that are small and soluble! Digestion

4. Changing of the molecule size Large Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins Heterotrophic • Simple sugars (Monosaccharides) • Fatty acids and glycerol • Amino Acids Enzymatic Hydrolysis: 1. Hydrolysis – the chemical breakdown of molecules 2. using enzymes ****Also known as DIGESTION!!!! Egestion – the removal of the undigested materials (cell walls of plants)

5. 1. FUNGI • Fungi live on or in their food supply (a living organism of the decaying remains of an organism) • Adaptations for absorbing nutients • They have a body of filaments called rhizoids that secrete digestive enzymes (extracellular digestion) • Then they absorb the nutrients Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition

6. FUNGI (Mushrooms, yeast)

7. 2. Amoeba • Ingestion: uses extensions of their cytoplasm (Pseudopods – false foot) to engulf their food by a process known as PHAGOCYTOSIS • Digestion: digestion and absorption take place in the food vacuole when in contact with the lysosome (Intracellular) • The food vacuole moves throughout the cytoplasm by a process called CYCLOSIS- Cytoplasmic streaming) • Egestion: through the cell membrane Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition

8. 3. Paramecium • Ingestion: uses the motion of the cilia to ingest the food through a fixed opening (Oral Groove) • Digestion: a food vacuole forms at the base of the oral groove • F.V. moves throughout the organism by Cyclosis and comes in contact with a Lysosome(Intracellular) • Egestion – through an opening called the anal pore Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition

9. 3. Paramecium Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition

10. 3. Paramecium Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition

11. 4. Hydra • Ingestion: uses tentacles and stinger cells to ingest their food through the mouth • Digestion: • Extracellular: specialized digestive cells in he lining of the upper gastrovascualr cavity secrete digestive enzymes- reults in an increase of S.A. • Intracellular – takes place deep in the GV cavity by the use of cells with pseudopods • Egestion – through the mouth Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition

12. 4. Hydra Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition

13. 5. Earthworm • Ingestion: uses its mouth and Pharynx to suck in food • Digestion: • Crop – storage of food • Gizzard - muscular pouch that grinds the food (Mechanical digestion – to increase Surface Area S.A.) • Intestines –Extracellular digestion of the food using specialized digestive cells that secrete digestive enzymes- results in an increase of S.A. • Typhlosole– structure in the intestines that increases Surface area for max absorption of nutrients • Egestion : Anus – egestion of undigested materials (feces) Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition

14. 5. Earthworm Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition

15. 5. Earthworm (For Drawing)

16. 5. Earthworm Typhlosole Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition

17. 6. Grasshopper • Ingestion: uses its mouth and specialized mouth parts to cut food • Salivary glands secrete digestive enzymes (Chemical digestion) • Digestion: • Crop – storage of food • Gizzard - muscular pouch that grinds the food (Mechanical digestion – to increase Surface Area S.A.) • Stomach–Extracellular Chemical digestion of the food using digestive enzymes from the Gastric Ceaca • Gastric Ceaca – Specialized gland located between the gizzard and stomach • Intestines – completes chemical digestion and absorption • Egestion : Anus – egestion of undigested materials (feces) Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition

18. 6. Grasshopper Adaptations for Heterotrophic nutrition