PLAGIARISM AND REFERENCING

1. PLAGIARISM AND REFERENCING Dr Paul Holland

2. What is Plagiarism? • Plagiarism is the failure to acknowledge the sources that you use. • Plagiarism can also be defined as the act of making it appear that someone else’s work is your own (University of Phoenix, n.d.). Dr Paul Holland

3. How to avoid plagiarism • Whenever you use information from an outside source, unless this information is common knowledge, you MUST document it. Dr Paul Holland

4. What is an outside source? • Outside sources include but are not limited to: • Websites • Books • Periodicals/Journals • Newspapers • Speeches Dr Paul Holland

5. Outside sources continued • Radio/Television Programmes • Interviews • Letters • Electronic Sources Dr Paul Holland

6. What is common knowledge? • Material is probably common knowledge if: • You find the same information undocumented in at least 5 other sources • You think it is information that your readers will already know • You think that a person could easily find the information with general reference sources (Purdue University Online Writing Lab, n.d.). Dr Paul Holland

7. APA Referencing • It is important to reference for two main reasons: • So that the work of others is properly acknowledged, hence avoiding plagiarism • So that the source of the information can be easily referred back to, either for verification, or to read the source in more detail Dr Paul Holland

8. Types of Referencing • There are two main parts to referencing: • Indicating within your writing the sources from which you gathered the information. This is commonly referred to as text citations or in text referencing. • Reference list – This comes at the end of your writing and shows complete details of your sources Dr Paul Holland

9. Exercise • Break into groups of 5-6 people and for each of the provided resources construct: • In text referencing (using material of your choice) • Reference list • For one resource use a quotation of less than 40 words and for a different resource a quotation of more than 40 words. Explain and show how you would use both quotations within a body of work i.e. format and layout. Dr Paul Holland

10. In Text Referencing • Referencing in text can take multiple forms. The reference can be placed at the beginning, within the body or at the end of a piece of information e.g. Cross (2001) suggests that Personal Construct Psychology… Within the field of Personal Construct Psychology it has been suggested by Cross (2001)… …a common suggestion within the field of Personal Construct Psychology (Cross, 2001). Dr Paul Holland

11. For more than one author… • Two authors – both authors must be cited each time they are used within text e.g. Shah and Frith (1985) within their study…; …as illustrated in false belief findings (Shah & Frith, 1983). • Three, four of five authors – for the first citation include all authors e.g. Keogh, Holland and Wetherburn (1997)… and afterwards the first author followed by et al. (the latin for and others) i.e. Keogh et al. (1997). Dr Paul Holland

12. Six or more authors… • Only list the first author followed by et al. for every citation including the first e.g. Farrants et al. (2006). • Within the reference list all authors up to 6 e.g. Farrants, J., Cross, M.C., Rafalin, D., Holland, P.A., Bailey, F., & Sheppard, C. (2006). For more than 6 authors list the first 6 and then et al. Dr Paul Holland

13. Citing several authors for the same information • If you want to cite multiple authors/pieces of work for the same information list them in alphabetical order by the surname of the first authors and separate them by semicolons e.g. …as suggested by several researchers (Cross, 2001; Farrants et al., 2006; Keogh, Holland & Wetherburn, 1997). Dr Paul Holland

14. Citing a secondary source • Wherever possible use original material. • If however you need to cite a secondary source use ‘as cited in’ e.g. Cross (as cited in Farrants et al., 2006). • The secondary source is NOT included within your reference list. Dr Paul Holland

15. Quotations • Use quotations sparingly. • For quotations of less than 40 words enclose the quotation within double quotation marks e.g. “The children with autism appeared to display encoding overselectivity whereby information is encoded and stored into memory in an overly selective manner” (Holland, 2005, p.287). • For quotations of 40 or more words indent the quotation 5 spaces and do not use quotation marks. Dr Paul Holland

16. Reference Lists – The Basic Rules • Authors’ last name first followed by initials. • Alphabetise reference list according to author surnames. • Where one author has multiple works order them from oldest to newest. • Use ‘&’ instead of ‘and’ when listing multiple authors for one piece of work. Dr Paul Holland

17. The first line should be a hanging indent with subsequent lines indented. • Capitalise only the first word of the title and subtitle (if any) and then only names/words that would typically require capitalisation. • Italicise titles of books and names of journals. Dr Paul Holland

18. Reference Lists • Books Roberts, K., & Taylor, B. (2001). Nursing research process: An Australian perspective (2nd Ed.). Melbourne: Nelson. • Journal articles Ingersoll, G.L. (2002). Evidence based nursing: What it is and what it isn’t. Nursing Outlook 48(4), 151-152. Note: The volume number but NOT the issue number is italicised. Dr Paul Holland

19. Edited Books Packard, N., & Race, P. (Eds.). (2000). 2000 tips for teachers. London: Kogan Page. • Chapters in an Edited Book Macarthur, J. (2002). Evidence based healthcare and nursing practice. In E. Papps (Ed.), Nursing in New Zealand: Critical issues, different perspectives. (pp. 108-120). Auckland: Pearson Education. • Web information Steen, F.F. (1997). Theory of mind: A model of mental-state attribution. Retrieved February 19, 2006, from http://cogweb.ucla.edu/CogSci/ToMM.html Dr Paul Holland

20. Dictionary Pocket German Dictionary. (2001). New York: Harper Collins. Isaacs, A. (Ed.). (1996). A Dictionary of physics. (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. • Magazines Calechman, S. (2005, March 5). Strip away stress. Australian Men’s Health, 8(5), 104-112. • Newspaper Article Fleming, G. (2002, November 1). Call for reform of mental health rules. The Dominion Post, p.A5. Dr Paul Holland

21. Television Programme Coronation Street [Television series]. (2006, February 21). Manchester: ITV1. • Thesis Holland, P.A. (2005). Arbitrariness, attention and memory: An investigation into alternative explanations for false belief failure in autism. Unpublished doctoral thesis, City University, London, United Kingdom. • Video Williams, S. (Producer), & Bell, A.J.W. (Director). (1998). Lost for words [Video]. UK: Yorkshire Television. Dr Paul Holland

22. Answers • Higginson, J. (2006, February 20). Extra hormones ‘could end premature births’. Metro, p.7. • Austin, S. (2006, February 20). Call for calm as flu gets nearer. Metro, p.5. • Fox, N.A., Nichols, K.E., Henderson, H.A., Rubin, K., Schmidt, L., Hamer, D., et al. (2005). Evidence for a gene-environment interaction in predicting behavioral inhibition in middle childhood. Psychological Science, 16(12), 921-926. Dr Paul Holland

23. Steen, F.F. (1997). Theory of mind: A model of mental- state attribution. Retrieved February 19, 2006, from http://cogweb.ucla.edu/CogSci/ToMM.html • Davy, J., & Cross, M. (2004). Barriers, defences and resistance. Maidenhead: Open University Press. • Kelly, G. A. (2003). A brief introduction to personal construct theory. In F. Fransella (Ed.), International handbook of Personal Construct Psychology (pp.3-20). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. • Hall, E., Hall, C., Harris, B., Hay, D., Biddulph, M., & Duffy, T. (1999). An evaluation of the long-term outcomes of small group-work for counsellor development. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 27(1), 99-112. Dr Paul Holland

24. Robson, M., Cook, P., Hunt, K., Alred, G., & Robson, D. (2000). Towards ethical decision-making in counselling research. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 28(4), 533-547. • Coclami, T. (2005). Psychiatric comorbidity: Differential characteristics and outcome amongst single and dual diagnosis psychiatric patients. Unpublished doctoral thesis, City University, London, United Kingdom. Dr Paul Holland

25. References Austin, S. (2006, February 20). Call for calm as flu gets nearer. Metro, p.5. Calechman, S. (2005, March 5). Strip away stress. Australian Men’s Health, 8(5), 104-112. Coclami, T. (2005). Psychiatric comorbidity: Differential characteristics and outcome amongst single and dual diagnosis psychiatric patients. Unpublished doctoral thesis, City University, London, United Kingdom. Coronation Street [Television series]. (2006, February 21). Manchester: ITV1. Davy, J., & Cross, M. (2004). Barriers, defences and resistance. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Fleming, G. (2002, November 1). Call for reform of mental health rules. The Dominion Post, p.A5. Fox, N.A., Nichols, K.E., Henderson, H.A., Rubin, K., Schmidt, L., Hamer, D., et al. (2005). Evidence for a gene-environment interaction in predicting behavioral inhibition in middle childhood. Psychological Science, 16(12), 921-926. Dr Paul Holland

26. Hall, E., Hall, C., Harris, B., Hay, D., Biddulph, M., & Duffy, T. (1999). An evaluation of the long-term outcomes of small group-work for counsellor development. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 27(1), 99-112. Higginson, J. (2006, February 20). Extra hormones ‘could end premature births’. Metro, p.7. Holland, P.A. (2005). Arbitrariness, attention and memory: An investigation into alternative explanations for false belief failure in autism. Unpublished doctoral thesis, City University, London, United Kingdom. Ingersoll, G.L. (2002). Evidence based nursing: What it is and what it isn’t. Nursing Outlook 48(4), 151-152. Isaacs, A. (Ed.). (1996). A Dictionary of physics. (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kelly, G. A. (2003). A brief introduction to personal construct theory. In F. Fransella (Ed.), International handbook of Personal Construct Psychology (pp.3-20). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. Macarthur, J. (2002). Evidence based healthcare and nursing practice. In E. Papps (Ed.), Nursing in New Zealand: Critical issues, different perspectives. (pp. 108-120). Auckland: Pearson Education. Dr Paul Holland

27. Packard, N., & Race, P. (Eds.). (2000). 2000 tips for teachers. London: Kogan Page. Pocket German Dictionary. (2001). New York: Harper Collins. Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Avoiding Plagiarism. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html Roberts, K., & Taylor, B. (2001). Nursing research process: An Australian perspective (2nd Ed.). Melbourne: Nelson. Robson, M., Cook, P., Hunt, K., Alred, G., & Robson, D. (2000). Towards ethical decision-making in counselling research. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 28(4), 533-547. Ritchie, S. & Garnham, F. (2004). A beginners guide to the APA reference style. Retrieved February 10, 2006, from http://library.ucol.ac.nz/apa_referencing.pdf Shah, A., & Frith, U. (1983). An islet of ability in autistic children: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 613-620. Dr Paul Holland

28. Steen, F.F. (1997). Theory of mind: A model of mental-state attribution. Retrieved February 19, 2006, from http://cogweb.ucla.edu/CogSci/ToMM.html University of Phoenix. (n.d.). Avoiding Plagiarism – APA Citation Style. Retrieved February 7,2006 from http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/long_longman_uoplezap_1/medialib/ap/apapa/media/a.htm Williams, S. (Producer), & Bell, A.J.W. (Director). (1998). Lost for words [Video]. UK: Yorkshire Television. Dr Paul Holland