The West between Wars (1919-1939)

1. The West between Wars (1919-1939)

2. Section 1: The Futile Search for Stability • Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security • A Weak League of Nations • The Treaty of Versailles • League of Nations • Woodrow Wilson • US • French Demands • Reparations • Germany Total amount • German annual installment payments • The Weimar Republic 1921 • Ruhr Valley

4. Section 1: The Futile Search for Stability • Inflation in Germany • Policy of passive resistance • Strike to protest French occupation • Adds to the growing inflation • German mark worthless • An International Commission • Charles Dawes • Dawes Plan • The Treaty of Locarno • Foreign Ministers of: • Germany- Gustav Stresemann • France - Aristide Briand • Sign of real peace? • League of Nations • Kellogg-Briand Pact

5. Section 1: The Futile Search for Stability • The Great Depression • Causes of the Great Depression • Two factors • Series of downturns • US Stock Market • US bank loans to Germany • 1928 – pull money out of Germany • 1929 – US stock market crashes • American investors • 1931- The Creditanstalt Bank • Responses to the Depression • 1932 (Worst year) • Governments • Led to serious political effects: • Increased government activity in the economy • Renewed interest in Marxism • Marx’s prediction

6. Section 1: The Futile Search for Stability • Democratic States • End of World War I • Woodrow Wilson - “keep the world safe for democracy” • Seemed to be true in 1919 • Democratic governments • Returning to the norms • Germany • Weimar Republic • Economic problems • No tradition of democracy • France • Strongest power on the European continent • Financial problems • More balanced economy • Economic instability then led to political effects • 6 different cabinets were formed • Popular Front Government • The French New Deal • Collective bargaining

7. Section 1: The Futile Search for Stability • Great Britain • Heavy Industries • Great Depression • The Labour Party • Conservatives • John Maynard Keynes • Deficit spending • Austrian School of Economics: • Ludwig von Mises • Friedrich von Hayek • The United States • 1932- Franklin Delano Roosevelt • New Deal • Public Works programs • The Works Progress Administration (WPA) • Welfare System • Social Security Act

8. Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes

9. Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes • The Rise of Dictators • Totalitarian State • Democracy short lived • Italy, Germany, Soviet Union • Totalitarian State • Minds and hearts • Achieved this goal – modern technology • Limited • Collective will

10. Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes • Fascism in Italy • Suffered severe economic problems • Middle class • Early 1920’s – Benito Mussolini • 1919 –Fascio di Combattimento • Fascism – glorifies the state • By 1922 – movement was growing • Treaty of Versailles • Nationalism • 1922 – March on Rome – Mussolini and his Black Shirts • Victor Emanuel III • New laws passed: • Right to stop any publication • PM was made the head of the government • Police were given unlimited power • Catholicism was made the state religion • Lateran Pacts • OVRA • “Il Duce” • The Fascist State • Totalitarian • OVRA • Mass media • Propaganda • “Mussolini is always right” • Created youth groups • The family

11. Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes • A New Era in the USSR • Lenin’s New Economic Policy • War communism • “Down with Lenin and horse flesh. Bring back the Czar and pork” • Industrial production • New Economic Policy (NEP) • The Soviet Union • Union of Soviet Socialists Republics – USSR or Soviet Union • Industrialization • Lenin will die in 1924 • Politburo • Leon Trotsky & Other group • The Rise of Stalin • Trotsky and Joseph Stalin • Trotsky - Commissar of War • Stalin - Party General Secretary • Five-Year Plans • 1928 Stalin will end the NEP • He will launch his first Five-Year Plan • Five-Years Plans – set economic goals for a five-year period • Cost of Stalin’s Program • Massive industrial expansion needed workers • Government used propaganda • Collectivization of Agriculture • Peasants resisted • Stalin • Stalin will control the party • The Great Purge

12. Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes • Authoritarian States in the West • Authoritarian • Eastern Europe • After WWI: • Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary • Parliamentary Systems failed: • No tradition • Mostly rural and agrarian • Large landowners • Ethnic Conflicts • Land owners, churches, and the middle class • Spain • The Second Republic • Rivalries • Francisco Franco • Youngest general in Europe • Coup in 1936 • Spanish Civil War • Foreign intervention s • Guernica • Popular Front • 1939 –Madrid • Franco will establish a dictatorship • The impact of the civil war

13. Section 3: Hitler and Nazi Germany

14. Section 3: Hitler and Nazi Germany • Hitler and His Views • Adolf Hitler • Early Hitler • April 20, 1889 • School –Vienna • Basic social and political ideas: • Racism • Nationalist • Propaganda and terror • Western Front during WWI • Germany • German Worker’s Party • 1921 • National Socialist German Worker’s Party – NSDAP – or Nazi • SA, Storm Troopers, or the Brownshirts • Beer Hall Putsch • Mein Kampf or My Struggle • Social Darwinian theory of struggle • Lebensraum “ living space”

15. Section 3: Hitler and Nazi Germany • Rise of Nazism • Mass politics and not revolt • National party • Reichstag • “ The Nazi’s rose to power on the empty stomachs of the German people” • The Nazis Take Control • President Hindenburg & Reichstag • Hitler to take control and lead • Hitler - Chancellor • Reichstag Fire • Enabling Act • The constitution • Hitler - dictatorship • Nazis • Purged • Concentration Camps • Nazis • Hindenburg - 1934 • Totalitarian state • Fuhreror “leader”

16. Section 3: Hitler and Nazi Germany • The Nazi State, 1933-1939 • Hitler’s totalitarian state • AryanRacial State • Reichs: • Holy Roman Empire and • German Empire 1871-1918. • Third Reich • Used terror • Controlled institutions • Hitler Youth • The State and Terror • Schutzstaffeln, (“Guard Squadrons”) the SS • Heinrich Himmler • Terror and Ideology • Economics and Spectacles • Economics • Too solve the unemployment problem: • Unemployment • Spectacles • Used grand events • The Nuremberg Party Rallies

17. Section 3: Hitler and Nazi Germany • Women and Nazism • Men’s Role • Women’s Role • Employment opportunities • “Get ahold of pots and pans and broom and you’ll sooner find a groom” • Anti-Semitic Policies • Long tradition • Nuremberg Laws • defined who was considered a Jew • German citizenship • Civil rights • Forbade marriages • Teach or take part in the Arts • Yellow Stars of David • Kristallnacht • November 9, 1938 • After Kristallnacht:

18. Section 4: Cultural and Intellectual Trends

19. Section 4: Cultural and Intellectual Trends • Mass Culture and Leisure • Marconi’s • Mass production of Radios • Movies • Quo Vadis – Italy • Birth of a Nation – America • Use of Radio and Movies for Propaganda • Radio and Movies • For political purpose • Films Impact • Joseph Goebbels • Propaganda Ministry • The Uses of Leisure • More leisure time • Professional sporting events and Travel • Mass Leisure • Kraft durchFreude

20. Section 4: Cultural and Intellectual Trends • Arts and Science • Despair and uncertainty • Art: Nightmares and New Visions • “the world does not make sense, so why should art?” • The Dada movement • Dadaist • Revolted • Hannah Hoch – photomontage • Surrealism • Portraying the unconscious • Salvador Dali • Nazis set out to create a new art form • Literature: the Search for the Unconscious • “Stream of consciousness” • James Joyce- Ulysses • Hermann Hess–Siddharthaand Steppenwolf • The Heroic Age of Physics • Albert Einstein • Ernest Rutherford – “ heroic age of physics” • The new physics – undermined the physics of Newton • Werner Heisenberg - The uncertainty principle • Heisenberg’s theory • The theory’s emphasis on randomness