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CHEMICAL REGULATION

CHEMICAL REGULATION. CHEMICAL REGULATION. CHEMICAL SIGNALS COORDINATE BODY FUNCTIONS HORMONE A REGULATORY CHEMICAL THAT TRAVELS IN THE BLOOD FROM ITS PRODUCTION SITE AND AFFECTS OTHER SITES IN THE BODY ENDOCRINE GLANDS ORGANS THAT PRODUCE HORMONES TARGET CELLS

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CHEMICAL REGULATION

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  1. CHEMICAL REGULATION

  2. CHEMICAL REGULATION • CHEMICAL SIGNALS COORDINATE BODY FUNCTIONS • HORMONE • A REGULATORY CHEMICAL THAT TRAVELS IN THE BLOOD FROM ITS PRODUCTION SITE AND AFFECTS OTHER SITES IN THE BODY • ENDOCRINE GLANDS • ORGANS THAT PRODUCE HORMONES • TARGET CELLS • CELLS THAT RESPOND TO A HORMONE

  3. CHEMICAL REGULATION • CHEMICAL SIGNALS COORDINATE BODY FUNCTIONS • NEUROSECRETORY CELL • SPECIALIZED NERVE CELL THAT, IN ADDITION TO CONDUCTING NERVE SIGNALS, MAKES AND SECRETES HORMONES • NEUROTRANSMITTERS • CHEMICALS THAT CARRY INFORMATION FROM ONE NERVE CELL TO ANOTHER, OR FROM A NERVE CELL TO ANOTHER KIND OF CELL THAT WILL REACT, SUCH AS A MUSCLE CELL OR AN ENDOCRINE CELL • LOCAL REGULATOR • SECRETED INTO THE INTERSTITIAL FLUID AND AFFECTS CELLS VERY NEAR THE POINT OF SECRETION • EXAMPLE: PROSTAGLANDINS

  4. CHEMICAL REGULATION • ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • THE BODY’S MAIN CHEMICAL-REGULATING SYSTEM • WORKS CLOSELY WITH THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

  5. CHEMICAL REGULATION

  6. CHEMICAL REGULATION

  7. CHEMICAL REGULATION • HORMONES AFFECT TARGET CELLS BY TWO MAIN SIGNALING MECHANISMS • STEROIDHORMONES • NON-STEROIDHORMONES

  8. CHEMICAL REGULATION • NON-STEROID HORMONES • HORMONE ATTACHES TO RECEPTOR ON CELL MEMBRANE; BINDING OCCURS OUTSIDE OF CELL • EX. EPINEPHRINE (A.K.A. ADRENALINE) • INITIATES A SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY • ALWAYS MADE FROM AMINO ACIDS (PROTEIN BASED) • STEROID HORMONES • LIPIDS MADE FROM CHOLESTEROL • EX. TESTOSTERONE • HORMONE-RECEPTOR COMPLEX ACTS BY TURNING GENES ON OR OFF

  9. CHEMICAL REGULATION • HORMONES CAN BIND TO A VARIETY OF RECEPTORS • EPINEPRHINECAUSESGLYCOGENBREAKDOWNIN LIVER,BUT MUSCLECONTRACTION IN HEART CELLS

  10. CHEMICAL REGULATION • OVERVIEW: THE VERTEBRATE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CONSISTSOF MORE THAN A DOZENMAJOR GLANDS • PINEAL GLAND • OUTGROWTH OF BRAIN THATSECRETES MELATONIN; NOTFULLY UNDERSTOOD • THYMUS • CLOSELY LINKED TO IMMUNESYSTEM; STIMULATES T CELLDEVELOPMENT

  11. CHEMICAL REGULATION • THE HYPOTHALAMUS, CLOSELY TIED TO THE PITUITARY, CONNECTS THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS • HYPOTHALAMUS • MASTER CONTROL CENTER OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; PART OF THE BRAIN • ITS ENDOCRINE SIGNALS DIRECTLY CONTROLS THE PITUITARY GLAND

  12. CHEMICAL REGULATION • THE HYPOTHALAMUS, CLOSELY TIED TO THE PITUITARY, CONNECTS THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS • PITUITARY CONSISTS OF TWO DISTINCT PARTS • POSTERIOR PITUITARY • COMPOSED OF NERVOUS TISSUE, AN EXTENSION OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS; STORES AND SECRETES HORMONES MADE IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS

  13. CHEMICAL REGULATION • THE HYPOTHALAMUS, CLOSELY TIED TO THE PITUITARY, CONNECTS THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS • PITUITARY CONSISTS OF TWO DISTINCT PARTS • ANTERIOR PITUITARY • COMPOSED OF NON-NERVOUS, GLANDULAR TISSUE; SYNTHESIZES ITS OWN HORMONES

  14. CHEMICAL REGULATION

  15. CHEMICAL REGULATION • HYPOTHALAMUS AFFECTS THE PITUITARY IN TWO WAYS • RELEASING HORMONES • CAUSES THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY TO SECRETE HORMONES • INHIBITING HORMONES • CAUSES THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY TO STOP SECRETING HORMONES

  16. CHEMICAL REGULATION • HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS BODY TEMPERATURE BY • SECRETING TSH-RELEASING HORMONE (TRH) WHICH CAUSES • ANTERIOR PITUITARY TO SECRETE THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) WHICH CAUSES • THRYOID TO SECRETE THYROXINE • THYROXINE  INCREASES METABOLIC RATE, WARMING BODY

  17. CHEMICAL REGULATION • HYPOTHALAMUS/POSTERIOR PITUITARY • ENDOCRINE FUNCTION INCLUDES • OXYTOCIN • CAUSES UTERINE MUSCLE CONTRACTION DURING CHILDBIRTH, MAMMARY GLANDS TO PUMP MILK • ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) • HELPS KIDNEY CELLS REABSORB WATER (COLLECTING DUCT OF THE NEPHRON) • ANTERIOR PITUITARY • THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) • ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) • FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) • LUTENIZING HORMONE (LH) • PROLACTIN • ENDORPHINS • NATURAL “OPIATE”; PAIN INHIBITOR / PLEASURE INDUCER

  18. CHEMICAL REGULATION • THE THYROID REGULATES DEVELOPMENT AND METABOLISM • THYROID GLAND • LOCATED JUST UNDER THE VOICEBOX • THYROXINE • HORMONE PRODUCED BYTHYROID GLAND • CONTAINS 4 IODINE ATOMS

  19. CHEMICAL REGULATION • THE THYROID REGULATES DEVELOPMENT AND METABOLISM • HYPERTHYROIDISM • CAN LEAD TO OVERHEATING, PROFUSE SWEATING, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, WEIGHT LOSS, IRRITABILITY • HYPOTHYROIDISM • CAUSE WEIGHT GAIN, LETHARGY, INTOLERANCE TO COLD • GOITER • UNTREATED DIETARY DISORDER LEADS TO AN ENLARGEMENT OF THE THYROID; RESULTS FROM IODINE DEFICIENCY

  20. CHEMICAL REGULATION

  21. CHEMICAL REGULATION • HORMONES FROM THE THYROID AND PARATHYROIDS MAINTAIN CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS • 4 PARATHYROID GLANDS EMBEDDED IN THE SURFACE OF THE THYROID

  22. CHEMICAL REGULATION • HORMONES FROM THE THYROID AND PARATHYROIDS MAINTAIN CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS • CALCITONIC FROM THYROID • PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) FROM PARATHYROID • **ANTAGONISTIC HORMONES  HORMONES THAT HAVE OPPOSITE EFFECTS

  23. CHEMICAL REGULATION • PANCREATIC HORMONES MANAGE CELLULAR FUEL • PANCREAS PRODUCES TWOHORMONES THAT PLAYA LARGE ROLE IN MANAGING THE BODY’SENERGY SUPPLIES

  24. CHEMICAL REGULATION • PANCREATIC HORMONES MANAGE CELLULAR FUEL • INSULIN • LOWERS BLOOD-SUGARLEVEL • PRODUCED BY ISLET CELLS • SPECIALIEZ CELLS OFPANCREAS • GLUCAGAON • RAISES BLOOD-SUGARLEVEL BY BREAKING DOWNGLYCOGEN • PRODUCED BY ALPHA CELLS • SPECIALIZED CELLS OF PANCREAS

  25. CHEMICAL REGULATION • DIABETES IS A COMMON ENDOCRINE DISORDER • DIABETES MELLITUS • A SERIOUS HORMONAL DISEASE IN WHICH THE BODY CELLS ARE UNABLE TO ABSORB GLUOCSE FROM THE BLOOD • TYPE I (BORN WITH IT) • AUTOIMMUNE; IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS AND KILLS BETA (ISLET ISLET CELLS) • TYPE II (DEVELOP IT LATER IN LIFE) • BODY CELLS FAIL TO RESPOND TO INSULIN • HYPOGLYCEMIA • OVERPRODUCTION OF INSULIN; BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS DROP TOO LOW AFTER A MEAL

  26. CHEMICAL REGULATION • THE ADRENAL GLANDS MOBILIZE RESPONSES TO STRESS • 2 ADRENAL GLANDSSITTING ATOP THE KIDNEYS • ADRENAL GLAND ISACTUALLY TWO GLANDSIN ONE • ADRENAL MEDULLA • ADRENAL CORTEX

  27. CHEMICAL REGULATION • THE ADRENAL GLAND MOBILIZE RESPONSES TO STRESS • ADRENAL MEDULLA • INVOLVED IN FLIGHT-OR-FLIGHT REFLX • PRODUCES EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALIN) AND NOR-EPINEPHRINE (NOR-ADRENALIN)

  28. CHEMICAL REGULATION • THE ADRENAL GLAND MOBILIZE RESPONSES TO STRESS • ADRENAL CORTEX • MORE LONG LASTING EFFECTS • ACTIVATED BY ACTH RELEASED BY ANTERIOR PITUITARY • SYNTHESIZES CORTICOSTEROIDS • 2 TYPES • MINERALOCORTICOIDS • CONTROL SALT AND WATER BALANCE • GLUCOCORTICOIDS • AID IN MOBILIZING CELLULAR FUEL • EX. CORTISONE  LESSENS INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES, BUT WEAKENS IMMUNE SYSTEM

  29. CHEMICAL REGULATION • THE GONADS SECRETE HORMONES • GONADS • SEX GLANDS; SECRETE SEX HORMONES, IN ADDITION TO PRODUCING GAMETES • ESTROGENS • MAINTAIN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUCH FEMALE FEATURES AS SMALL BODY SIZE, HIGHER-PITCHED VOICE, BREASTS, AND WIDER HIPS • PROGESTINS • PRIMARILY INVOLVED IN PREPARING THE UTERUS TO SUPPORT THE EMBRYO • ANDROGENS • STIMULATE THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (EX. TESTOSTERONE)

  30. CHEMICAL REGULATION • SPEAKING OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS / GONADS…AND THE REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES…HOW DO BABIES GET MADE?? • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IS NEXT!!!

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