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The Central Nervous System

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  1. The Central Nervous System SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  2. Outline • Anatomy of the Nervous System • Afferent and Efferent Pathways • Centers and Circuits for the Neural Control of Speech SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  3. Outline • Anatomy of the Nervous System • Central Nervous System • Peripheral Nervous System • Nourishment and Protection SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  4. Outline • Anatomy of the Nervous System • Central Nervous System • Basic Organization • Cerebral Hemispheres • Basal Ganglia (Nuclei) • Thalamus & Hypothalamus • Cerebellum • Limbic System • Brainstem • Spinal Cord SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  5. Basic CNS Organization • Spinal cord • Brain • Hindbrain • Medulla • Pons • Cerebellum • Midbrain • Forebrain • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Basal ganglia • Cerebrum SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  6. Basic CNS Organization • Spinal cord • Brain • Hindbrain • Medulla • Pons • Cerebellum • Midbrain • Forebrain • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Basal ganglia • Cerebrum brainstem SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  7. Basic CNS Organization CNS is made up of gray matter and white matter SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  8. White matter • Contains axons that communicate between CNS structures • Why white? • Contains myelin (which is fatty) which insulates axons • When you think white matter, think connections between brain regions. SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  9. Gray matter • contains cell bodies and synapses that allow communication between neurons. • Place of integration/modulation of CNS activity. • Nucleus: collection of CNS cell bodies • When you think gray matter, think cell bodies & synapses between individual neurons. SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  10. White and gray matter Gray matter White matter, Transverse Section of Brain SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  11. White and gray matter Gray matter, which stains light White matter, which stains dark (Weigert stain) Cross-Section of Caudal Brainstem SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  12. Basic CNS Organization • The CNS is generally “symmetric” sinistral dextral Cross-Section of Brainstem (Level 3) SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  13. Outline • Anatomy of the Nervous System • Central Nervous System • Basic Organization • Cerebral Hemispheres • Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia) • Thalamus & Hypothalamus • Cerebellum • Limbic System • Brainstem • Spinal Cord SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  14. Cerebral Hemispheres SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  15. Cerebral Hemispheres • Largest part of the brain • wrinkled surface or cortex (bark) • ↑ ↑ ↑ surface area • Principally gray matter (synapses) • organized in layers SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  16. Cerebral Cortex: Basic Structure SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  17. Cerebral Cortex: Basic Structure • Gyrus • outfolding of cortex • Sulcus/fissure • infolding of cortex SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  18. Cerebral Hemispheres Longitudinal fissure SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  19. Lobes of Cerebral Cortex SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology Figure 39.12

  20. Insula: Lobe or region? SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  21. Sulci & Brodmann Areas SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology Figure 39.11

  22. Relation between anatomy and function Kent (1997) SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  23. Communicating between brain structures • Performed by axonal fibers (i.e. white matter) • Fasciculi – bundles of axonal fibers SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  24. Communicating between brain structures Types of fibers • Association fibers • connect cortical areas in the same hemisphere • short (i.e. gyrus to next gyrus) • long (i.e. connecting lobes) • Commissural fibers • connect hemispheres • Projection fibers • Projects to/from the brainstem and spinal cord SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  25. Some fasciculi of the cerebral cortex(long association fibers) Kent (1997) SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  26. Commissural fibers of the cerebral cortex • Corpus callosum • Anterior commissure • Middle commissure • Posterior commissure Figure 39.31 SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  27. Corona radiata & internal capsule Figure 39.8 SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  28. Outline • Anatomy of the Nervous System • Central Nervous System • Basic Organization • Cerebral Hemispheres • Basal Ganglia (Nuclei) • Thalamus & Hypothalamus • Cerebellum • Limbic System • Brainstem • Spinal Cord SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  29. Basal ganglia (nuclei) SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  30. Basal ganglia (nuclei) A collection of nuclei including • caudate nucleus • putamen • globus pallidus • subthalamic nucleus • substantia nigra • putamen + globus pallidus = lentiform nucleus • caudate nucleus + putamen = corpus striatum SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  31. Basal ganglia (nuclei) Caudate nucleus body head tail Lentiform nucleus Netter SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  32. Basal ganglia (nuclei) Figure 39.7 Coronal Figure 39.9 Transverse SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  33. Basal ganglia (nuclei) Function • involved in movement control • Does not directly connect to motorneurons • Helps stabilize the motor system Diseases • Parkinson’s Disease • reduced movement • Huntington’s Chorea • uncontrolled “dancing” like movement • Hemiballismus • Uncontrolled rapid movements SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  34. Outline • Anatomy of the Nervous System • Central Nervous System • Basic Organization • Cerebral Hemispheres • Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia) • Thalamus & Hypothalamus • Cerebellum • Limbic System • Brainstem • Spinal Cord SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  35. Thalamus SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  36. Thalamus Figure 39.7 Coronal Figure 39.9 Transverse SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  37. Thalamus SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology Figure 39.16

  38. Thalamus Netter SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  39. Thalamus Basic Anatomy • Is a collection of nuclei • All sensory information (exception olfaction) passes through thalamus en route to cerebral cortex • Information from basal ganglia and cerebellum reaches cortex via the thalamus • “gateway to the cortex” Function • integration site for • Sensory information from different modalities • Complex behavior (language) • Motor processes • Emotional circuits SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  40. Thalamic nuclei • Anterior & mediodorsal nuclei • Connected to emotional circuits • Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei • input from basal ganglia and cerebellum • Ventral posterior lateral (VPL) and medial (VPM) • relays general sensory information from body (VPL) and head (VPM) • Medial geniculate body • Relays/processes auditory information • Lateral geniculate body • Relays/processes visual information SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  41. Hypothalamus SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology Figure 39.16

  42. Hypothalamus Basic Anatomy • Located inferior to the thalamus (hence “hypo”) Function • Controls ‘autonomic behavior such as • release of hormones • control of food and water intake • sexual behavior • sleep cycles • emotional responses • Indirect role in speech (unless you include flirting) SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  43. Outline • Anatomy of the Nervous System • Central Nervous System • Basic Organization • Cerebral Hemispheres • Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia) • Thalamus & Hypothalamus • Cerebellum • Limbic System • Brainstem • Spinal Cord SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  44. Cerebellum SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology Figure 39.6

  45. Cerebellum & Brainstem SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology Figure 39.6

  46. Cerebellum • Cerebellum ~ “little brain” • Contains ~ ½ neurons in the entire brain • Attached to dorsal brainstem by peduncles • Inferior cerebellar peduncle • middle cerebellar peduncle • superior cerebellar peduncle SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  47. Cerebellar peduncles(new slide) SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology Figures 39.16,39.18

  48. Cerebellum • White matter • Fibers going into and out of the cerebellum via peduncles • Gray matter • Cerebellar cortex • deep cerebellar nuclei SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  49. Cerebellar gray matter(new slide) From Netter SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  50. Cerebellum Cerebellar cortex What is it? • Primary information receiving area How is information received? • Inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles Where does the information come from? • other motor control centers • vestibular system (balance) • Information about body position via brainstem and spinal cord SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

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