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The Earnings of U.S. and Foreign Born Hispanic Faculty. Mark Hugo Lopez University of Maryland and Marie T. Mora University of Texas – Pan American July 2006. The Earnings of U.S. and Foreign-Born Hispanic Faculty.
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The Earnings of U.S. and Foreign Born Hispanic Faculty Mark Hugo Lopez University of Maryland and Marie T. Mora University of Texas – Pan American July 2006
The Earnings of U.S. and Foreign-Born Hispanic Faculty • In July 2003, Hispanics represented 13.7% of the U.S. population, up from 12.6% in 2000 and 9.8% in 1993 • Over 493k Hispanics between the ages of 18-21 were enrolled in a postsecondary institution in 1999, but by 2002, this number had risen to 663k – a 34% increase
The Earnings of U.S. and Foreign-Born Hispanic Faculty • If postsecondary institutions attempt to reflect the student body, the growing Hispanic student population suggests that the relative demand for Hispanic faculty has been increasing • At the same time, the share of Hispanics among college and university faculty has also been rising
Figure 1 Representation of Specific Minority Groups among College Professors and Instructors in the U.S.: 1920 - 2000 Source: Authors’ tabulations using the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) provided by Ruggles and Sobek (2005). The sample contains individuals between the ages of 21 and 79. Before 1960, Hispanics are identified on the basis of Spanish surname; the percent of Hispanic faculty in 1960 and 1970 is not reported here because the Spanish-surname information is only provided for individuals in five states for those years.
Figure 2 Representation of US- and Foreign-Born Hispanics among College Professors and Instructors in the U.S.: 1980 - 2000 Source: Authors’ tabulations using the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) provided by Ruggles and Sobek (2005). The sample contains individuals between the ages of 21 and 79.
Goals of the Study • Few studies have empirically analyzed the earnings of Hispanic faculty in U.S. postsecondary institutions • Some studies include variables identifying “Hispanics” but this group is not the focus
Goals of the Study • Here, we analyze the academic earnings of U.S. born and foreign-born Hispanics relative to non-Hispanic white faculty members in postsecondary institutions. • We also consider whether academic earnings differences between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites are sensitive to academic rank and tenure-track status
Data and Description • NCES’ National Study of Postsecondary Faculty of 1999 (NSOPF) • Nationally representative sample of over 18,000 faulty & staff members in Fall 1998 • Contains detailed productivity information (number of refereed publications, patents, teaching loads), all self-reported
Sample Selection We limit the analysis to faculty members who report: • Number of years in their current academic position • Academic year salary • Academic institutional financial support beyond the academic year salary • Total income, including consulting income Resulting Sample Size: 15,588
Empirical Strategy • We estimate a series of standard earnings functions Ln(Academic Earnings) = f(Ethnicity/Race, Rank, Research Productivity, Other) • Ln(Academic Earnings) is the natural logarithm of the nine-month academic salary • We estimate this for the full sample, and for sub-groups of the sample
Full Model Results • Once controls for Rank are included in the model, U.S. born Hispanics are earning 18% more than their White non-Hispanic counterparts • With a full set of controls, U.S. born Hispanics earn 13% more than their white counterparts
Full Model Results for Sub-Groups We examine the U.S. Born Hispanic earnings differential for the following sub-groups: • Professorial Rank (Full Professor, Associate Professor, etc) • Tenure Status • Whether or not a Recent Hire
Sub Group Results U.S. born Hispanic positive earnings differential relative to White non-Hispanics exists among: • Full Professors and Lower Rank Professors (16.3% and 16.7% respectively) • Non-tenure track faculty (16.8%) • Recently Hired Faculty (30.4%)
Results for Ethnic Sub-Groups • For all groups, lower rank faculty members earn substantially less than their Full Professor counterparts, though among Hispanics, this penalty is smaller. • For Black non-Hispanics, there is a compression of earnings across rank • The return to additional publications is strongest for Hispanic faculty, and weakest for Asian non-Hispanic faculty
Wage Decomposition Results • We next use a wage-decomposition technique to further analyze Hispanic earnings vis-à-vis non-Hispanic whites: (2) Ln(Earnings)W = f W(Rank W, Tenure W, Research W, Other W) and (3) Ln(Earnings)H| W – Ln(Earnings) H| W
Summary and Concluding Remarks • Our empirical findings based on 1999 NSOPF data indicate the U.S. born Hispanic faculty earn significantly more than their otherwise similar counterparts in postsecondary institutions • However, simple-partitioned analysis and wage-decomposition results show that this premium exists below the assistant professor level and in the non-tenure track positions
Summary and Concluding Remarks • For tenure-track faculty at the assistant professor level or above, the academic earnings of U.S.-born Hispanic faculty do not statistically differ from those of their peers, ceteris paribus • We have explored a partition of the sample into faculty in 4 year institutions and 2 year institutions
Questions for Future Research • To what extent do schools engage in policies to support minority faculty in the transition from non-tenure-track to tenure-track positions? • Why are U.S. born Hispanics over-represented in non-tenure track positions and in ranks below the assistant professor level?
