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Sociology: Chapter 4-4

Sociology: Chapter 4-4. “Groups within Society” Standards: 3.5, 4.8, 4.12. What is a group?. 1. Consists of two or more people 2. Interaction among members 3. Members must share expectations 4. Members must possess some common identity

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Sociology: Chapter 4-4

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  1. Sociology: Chapter 4-4 “Groups within Society” Standards: 3.5, 4.8, 4.12

  2. What is a group? • 1. Consists of two or more people • 2. Interaction among members • 3. Members must share expectations • 4. Members must possess some common identity • 36. Aggregate: When people gather at the same place at the same time but lack organization. (line at movies) • 37. Social Category: a means of classifying people based on a shared trait or common status (students, women, and teenagers)

  3. Group Sizes • 38. Dyad: Smallest group possible (Two People) • 39. Triad: Three person group • 40. Small Group: One in which all members can interact on a “face to face” basis • ORGANIZATION: • 41. Formal Group: Structure, goals, and activities are clearly defined • 42. Informal group: No official structure or rules of conduct

  4. Types of Groups • 43. Primary Groups: small group of people who interact over over a relatively long period of time (family) • 44. Secondary Group: a group in which interaction is temporary and impersonal in nature (Teacher/Student) • 45. Reference Group: Any group whose attitudes and values an individual adopts. (friends, clubs, and even gangs) • 46. In Groups: The group that a person belongs to and identifies with • 47. Out Group: A group that a person does NOT belong

  5. …Types of Groups • 48. E-Communities: Brought about by emergence of Internet (Argue, discuss, and interact over the web in a variety of different ways) • 49. Social Networks: Include both direct and indirect relationships… do not have clear boundaries (“a friend of a friend”) • Can be important: (Job hunting)

  6. Group Functions • 1. Define boundaries 3. Set Goals • 2. Select leaders 4. Control Behavior • 50. Leaders: people who influence the behavior and attitudes of others • 51. Instrumental Leader: Task oriented; find a means to reach group goal • 52. Expressive Leader: Emotion oriented; find ways to keep the group together • *Read “A Small World” p. 82

  7. Sociology: Chapter 4-5 “The Structure of Formal Organizations” Standards: 2.13, 5.1

  8. Formal Organizations • 53. Formal Organizations: a large complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals • 54. Bureaucracy: a ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures. (rose to prominence during “Industrial Revolution”) • 55. Rationality: subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement, and Control

  9. Weber’s Model of Bureaucracies • Characteristics: “IDEAL TYPE” • 1. Division of Labor: Work divided among specialists • 2. Ranking of authority: Cleat cut lines of responsibility • 3. Employment based on qualifications: Qualifications required for specific jobs • 4. Rules and regulations: Objective rules and procedures of what needs to happen • 5. Specific lines of promotion and advance: Rewards for following proper procedures • See Chart page 86. • 56. Voluntary Association: nonprofit organization formed to pursue some common interests: Less Bureaucratic than Weber’s ideal type

  10. Relationships in formal organizations • Read “Corporate Life in Japan” p. 84-85 • How effective are Bureaucracies? • Positive: Keep order; good for coordinating large numbers of people. • Negative: Often lose sight of goals; Too structured..loses sense of independence • *They tend to result in Oligarchies: Few people rule the masses • 57. Iron Law of Oligarchy: Robert Michels: Tendency of organizations to become dominated by small groups of people (Corporations) • Read: “The Peter Principle” p. 88 • Read: “Parkinson Law” p. 89

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