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Chapter 17 Blood

Separated blood. Centrifuged bloodPlasma 55%Buffy coatWBCs <1%ErythrocytesHematocrit45%. (17.1). Plasma. 90% water10% solutesIons, e.g., Na , Cl-, Ca Nutrients, e.g., simple sugars, amino acids, lipids Wastes, e.g., urea, ammonia, CO2Miscellaneous: O2, hormones, vitamins, plasma proteins.

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Chapter 17 Blood

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    1. Chapter 17 Blood Composition Formed elements Cells Plasma Fluid

    2. Separated blood Centrifuged blood Plasma 55% Buffy coat WBCs <1% Erythrocytes Hematocrit 45%

    3. Plasma 90% water 10% solutes Ions, e.g., Na+, Cl-, Ca++ Nutrients, e.g., simple sugars, amino acids, lipids Wastes, e.g., urea, ammonia, CO2 Miscellaneous: O2, hormones, vitamins, plasma proteins

    4. Plasma proteins Albumin Helps control osmotic pressure Helps control diffusion of water (recall edema) Globulin Includes antibodies (Abs) Transport proteins (lipids, iron, copper, etc.) Fibrinogen Involved in clotting

    5. Serum Plasma with clotting factors removed Let blood sit, pour off supernatant

    6. Formed elements RBCs (erythrocytes) WBCs (leukocytes) Granulocytes Agranulocytes Blood smear Light microscope Stained

    7. Erythrocytes 7-8 ?m diameter Biconcave disc shape ? surface area ? efficiency for diffusion of O2 & CO2

    8. Erythrocytes Structure Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Hemoglobin Binds O2 & CO2 No nucleus or organelles

    9. Erythrocytes Flexible Elastic 100-120 day life span Originate in bone marrow

    10. Leukocytes (WBCs) Part of defense system Protect against bacteria, viruses, parasites Attracted to sites of infection Diapedesis: leave capillary by squeezing between endothelial cells Ameboid movement Travel toward infection Originate in bone marrow Granulocytes / agranulocytes

    11. Diapedesis

    12. Granulocytes WBCs with granules in cytoplasm Visible with LM Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Phagocytic Larger than RBCs Lobed nuclei

    13. Neutrophils 60% of WBCs Lobed nucleus Light staining granules Digestive enzymes Function Phagocytize & destroy bacteria First cells to respond to infection Secrete antibacterial chemicals Phagocytize & digest bacteria

    14. Eosinophils 1-4% of WBCs Lobed nucleus Eosin-staining granules Phagocytize allergen-Ab complexes Secrete antihistamine Attack parasites

    15. Basophils 0.5% of WBCs Lobed nucleus Large granules stained dark purple Granules Histamine – creates inflammation in allergic reaction

    16. Lymphocytes Agranulocyte 20-45% of WBCs Spherical, dark-staining nucleus Thin rim of blue staining cytoplasm Each lymphocyte recognizes and acts against a specific antigen

    17. Lymphocytes T lymphocytes can attack foreign cells directly

    18. Lymphocytes B lymphocytes transform into plasma cells and secrete antibodies

    19. Monocytes Agranulocyte 4-8% of WBCs Horseshoe shaped nucleus Grey-blue stained cytoplasm Become wandering macrophages after diapedesis

    20. Platelets (thrombocytes) Fragments of megakaryocytes in bone marrow Attracted to hemorrhage Plugs leaks Promotes constriction of blood vessel Triggers inflammation Initiates clotting reaction

    21. Platelets SEM of a clot with platelet, fibrin mesh, rbc’s

    22. Hematopoiesis Occurs in red marrow Red marrow replaced by yellow in limbs between 8-18 yrs Blood stem cells Pleuripotential Myeloid stem cell Lymphoid stem cells

    23. Hematopoiesis

    24. Sickle cell disease Genetic condition 1 nucleotide substitution 1 amino acid substitution Hbs With low O2 Hbs polymerizes Creates “sickle” shape

    25. Sickle cell disease ? flexibility ? fragility ? blood viscosity ? O2 ? sickling “crisis” Painful ischemia Lack of O2

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