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Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese

Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese. Unit 3 : Pronunciation – Phonetics and Phonology. What is Phonetics and Phonology?. Phonetics: Study of sounds of human languages. Sounds of human languages have physiological and physical characteristics.

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Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese

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  1. Topics in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction to Chinese Unit 3: Pronunciation – Phonetics and Phonology

  2. What is Phonetics and Phonology? • Phonetics: Study of sounds of human languages. Sounds of human languages have physiological and physical characteristics. • Phonology: Study of sound system of a specific language. Chinese phonology, English phonology – a phonological system of a specific language. It is social.

  3. Physical characteristics • Sound wave • Frequency or pitch • Intensity or volume • Length or time • Can be measured by instruments and can be “seen” (spectrograph, computer)

  4. Tones of Mandarin Chinese

  5. Vocal Organs

  6. How human sounds are classified • Manner of articulation • Stop • Fricative • Affricate • Nasal • Aspiration • Voiced/voiceless • Place of articulation • Lip • Tongue • Teeth, alveolar • Palate • velum • Uvula • Nasal cavity

  7. Chinese Consonants in Pinyin

  8. Chinese Vowels in Pinyin

  9. Chinese tones • Names of tones • 陰平/陽平/上聲/去聲 • Yin Ping, Yang Ping, Shang Sheng, Qu Sheng • high level, high rising, falling-rising, high falling

  10. Notations • Musical notes • Tone markers: ā á ǎ à • Numerical notation: 55, 35, 214, 51

  11. Segmental vs supra-segmental • Segmental: consonants, vowels, diphthongs a, o, i, b, d, g, p, t, k, ao, ai, ei… • Supra-segmental: stress, tone, intonation

  12. IPA

  13. Phones and phonemes • Phoneme • Smallest phonological unit which makes distinctions in meaning in a specific language • Phone • Each individual sound • Allophone • Sounds which are distinct but similar and do not make distinctions in meaning

  14. Comparison of English and Chinese consonants

  15. Letters vs phonemic notations

  16. Phonological features of Chinese • Chinese language is syllabic. • Chinese is tonal. • A syllable has maximum of four sounds. • A syllable has no more than two consonants or there are no consonant clusters such as sp, sl, cl, scr. • Number of syllables is limited.

  17. Syllable structure tiān 声调，声母，韵母，韵头，韵腹，韵尾

  18. Tone Sandhi (Tone change) • nǐhǎo=>níhǎo • 3+3=>2+3 • 1=>2 _/4 yī: kuài=> yí kuài • 1=>4 elsewhere yī zhāng=>yì zhān yī tiáo=>yì tiáo yī jiǎo=>yì jiǎo

  19. Chinese Phonology • How were Chinese characters represented in ancient times • BoPoMoFo • Pinyin and other notation systems • Historical phonological change

  20. 读若 ‘read as’ method (pronounced as, using homophone characters) • ‘珝’,讀若‘許’ • ‘倚’，讀若‘以’ • ‘ 誕’,音‘但’ Problems: 1. Impossible to find a character of the same pronunciation. Then the character of similar pronunciation is used which is not accurate. 2. The homophone characters are rare characters. Their pronunciation is not popular and known to all.

  21. Fǎqiē method反切 Select two characters. Combine the initial of the first character with the final (with tone) of the second character. Example: “土”(tǔ) 他魯切 formula: tǔ= t(ā)+(l)ǔ “冬”(dōng) 都宗切 formula: dōng=d(ū)+(z)ōng

  22. Zhuyin fuhao 注音符号 (1913, ROC) 土t+ǔㄊ(t) ㄨ(u) 天 t + i+ ān ㄊ(t) ㄧ(i) ㄣ(ān) 窗 chuāng ch + u + āng ㄔㄨㄤ

  23. Hanyu Pinyin (1956, PRC) 土tǔ 天 tiān 窗 chuāng

  24. Other systems • Wade-Gile威妥瑪 (1912) • GR Gwoyeu Romatzyh國語羅馬字 (1928) • Latinxua Sinwenz 拉丁化新文字(1930) • Yale耶魯(1948)

  25. Various notations of 謝

  26. Historical change • 江雪 柳宗元 • Modern Mandarin Classical • 千山鳥飛絕，Qiān shān niǎo fēi juézik • 萬徑人蹤滅。Wàn jìng rén zōng miè mik • 孤舟簑笠翁，Gū zhōu suò lì wēngong • 獨釣寒江雪。Dú diào hán jiāng xuěsik

  27. Review questions • 1. Is the distinction of consonants and vowels as same that of initials and finals? • 2. How to classify the sounds? What are initials, finals, medials, main vowel and syllabic ending in • Chinese phonology? • 2. Are b, d, g in Pinyin voiced sounds? • 3. What makes tones different? The change of pitch? Itensity or Duration? • 4. In what way the four tones are represented? • 5. How many sounds at most does a syllable have in Putonghua? • 6. What is tone sandhi? Can you give some examples? • 7. What is the major difference between Pinyin and BoPoMoFo? • 8. Which is better? Pinyin or BoPoMoFo? • 9. In the old times, how did people to represent the sounds of characters? • 10. Why some old poems do not rhyme when it is read in modern Chinese?

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