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WHAT IS RESEARCH ?

WHAT IS RESEARCH ?. A systematic approach to finding answers to questions. Steps in Formulating Research. Identify a research problem. Narrow the topic down as much as possible. Review the literature on the topic as completely as possible. State the problem in a question form.

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WHAT IS RESEARCH ?

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  1. WHAT IS RESEARCH ? A systematic approach to finding answers to questions

  2. Steps in Formulating Research Identify a research problem. Narrow the topic down as much as possible. Review the literature on the topic as completely as possible. State the problem in a question form. State hypothesis about the expected outcome.

  3. Sources of Research Questions  Self-questions Keep journals Take notes Observe classes Listen to lectures Discuss with peers, colleagues  Journals in the field (e.g. TESOL,Applied Linguistics, RELC)  Advisors

  4. Feasibility of Research Interest us Promise new information or confirm old information in new ways Have research scope Have key terms that are already defined and operationalized

  5. Feasibility of Research How much time the project will have ? Broad ? Narrow ? Quantity and / or Quality Cost of the project Tools ? Find grants ?

  6. Scope of the Research Narrow Broad  Investigate Thai EFL students’ ability to recognize complaint behavior appropriate in an academic university setting.  Investigate how well second language learners perform speech acts.

  7. Research Questions Ask precise research questions (after reading literature) Guess possible answers to the research questions (Hypothesis)

  8. Question & Hypothesis What is the relationship between similarity of these structures in first and second language and the subjects’ performance on relative clauses? There is a positive relationship between similarity of relative clause structures in the learners’ first language and the subjects’ performance on English relative clause. There is a negative relationship between the similarity of relative clause structures in the learners’ first language and performance on English relative clauses.

  9. KEY WORDS Questions Systematic Approach Answers

  10. Internal Validity The outcome is a function of the factor you have selected rather than other factors you haven’t controlled Threats to Internal validity : Subject Selection Maturation History Instruementation Task directions Adequate data base

  11. Internal Validity Subject Selection Identify the subject characteristics and subjects match characteristics Selection bias (Preexisting differences) Potential for attrition (destruction) (e.g.in longitudinal studies) Mortality

  12. Internal Validity Maturation Subjects Getting older Getting tired Getting bored (e.g. teaching instruction and improvement e.g. vocabulary of 3-5 years old pupils)

  13. Internal Validity History (things could be happening during the research) Extra studies Intragroup contacts Exposure to treatment

  14. Internal Validity Instrumentation Valid Consistent Reliable

  15. Internal Validity Task Directions Clarity Length Reliable

  16. Internal Validity Adequate Data Base The number of times a particular item is observed or tested.

  17. Internal Validity Test effect Pretest Posttest given within a few hours or days after pretest

  18. External Validity The extent that the outcome of any research study would apply to other similar situations in the real world (Generalizability). Threats to external validity : Internal validity Subject Selection

  19. External Validity Sample Selection Detailed Description Representativeness Random Selection

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