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The Catholic Reformation

The Catholic Reformation. The Formation of New Orders The Council of Trent Catholic Religious Reform. Formation of New Orders. Ignatius of Loyola 1491 – 1556 1540 Jesuits approved Pope Paul III Spiritual Exercises published in 1548 4 th Vow: obedience to the successor of Peter

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The Catholic Reformation

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  1. The Catholic Reformation The Formation of New Orders The Council of Trent Catholic Religious Reform

  2. Formation of New Orders • Ignatius of Loyola • 1491 – 1556 • 1540 Jesuits approved • Pope Paul III • Spiritual Exercises published in 1548 • 4th Vow: obedience to the successor of Peter • Focus also on educational and missionary work (New World)

  3. Ursuline Order • founded by Angela Merici (1474 – 1540) in 1535 • fight heresy through Christian teaching • teaching young girls • spread in France and the New World

  4. Reform measures prior to Council of Trent • Index of Prohibited Books, 1542 • Roman Inquisition, 1542 Galileo before the Roman Inquisition , 1633

  5. Council of Trent1545-1563 • Numerous attempts to call it but warfare – ecclesiastical turmoil • Finally called by Pope Paul III ---opened 1545, closed 1563 • Called not only to reform the church, but also for reconciliation • Lutherans and Calvinists invited to participate

  6. Council of Trent, cont’d • International politics repeatedly played a role • Charles V fears Lutheran subjects rebelling against Holy Roman Empire • French rulers wanted no reconciliation – ultimately their problems lead to extensive religious warfare (civil war)

  7. INTERNAL REFORMS: • Bishops – live in diocese • a. Strengthened the authority of local bishops • b. Bishops had to preach regularly and make annual visits to parishes • Priests educated • a. Priests needed to be presentable • b. Priests needed to be celibate • c. Priests needed to be active • Curtail the selling of church offices / religious goods • Canon of Scripture established

  8. REAFFIRMATIONS • Traditional Scholastic education of clergy • Role of good works in salvation • Authority of tradition • Seven sacraments • Transubstantiation • Clerical celibacy • Purgatory • Veneration of Saints, relics, and sacred images • Indulgences

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